Difference between revisions of "Seva (सेवा)"

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The term 'Seva' is primarily used in the sense of
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{{StubArticle}}
  
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* Service, servitude, attendance
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The term 'Seva'<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवा (p.1138)</ref> is primarily used in the sense of
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* Worship, homage, honouring
 
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* Devotion to, fondness for
 
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* Practice, employment, exercise
 
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* Resorting to, frequenting
 
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* Flattery, coaxing, etc.<ref>Apte & Shabda Sagara</ref>  
 
  
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The root of the word 'Seva' can be traced to the Dhatus,
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# Service, servitude, dependence
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# Attending to as in [[Hitopadesha (हितोपदेश)|Hitopadesha]] - हीनसेवा न कर्तव्या...॥११॥<ref>Hitopadesha, Vigraha, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB Katha 2]</ref> Meaning, A mean person should not be served.<ref name=":2">M.R.Kale (1967), [https://ia601506.us.archive.org/34/items/gQXu_hitopadesa-of-narayana-edited-with-a-sanskrit-commentary-maram-prakasika-and-not/Hitopadesa%20Of%20Narayana%20Edited%20With%20A%20Sanskrit%20Commentary%20Maram%20Prakasika%20And%20Notes%20In%20English%20By%20M%20R%20Kale%2C%201967%20-%20Motilal%20Banarsidas.pdf Hitopadesa of Narayana], Motilal Banarsidass, p.42</ref>
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# Worship, homage, honouring.
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# [[Bhakti (भक्तिः)|Devotion]] to, fondness for.
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# Frequenting, resorting to.
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# Flattery, coaxing or flattering words.
  
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* सेव्<ref name=":0">Shabda Sagara</ref>
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The root of the word 'Seva' is generally traced back to the dhatu सेव्<ref name=":1">Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेव् (p.1137)</ref> which could mean
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* षेव् (सेवने, भ्वादिगण, आत्मने)<ref name=":0" />
 
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* शेवृँ<ref>Dhatu Pradipa</ref>
 
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all of which mean 'to serve'.<ref name=":0" />
 
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The concept of Seva is also closely associated with dharma (सेवाधर्मः or the duty of service), livelihood (सेवावृत्तिः or a livelihood gained by service) and practice (सेवाव्यवहारः or the practice or law of service).<ref>Apte</ref>
 
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The Indian Epigraphical Glossary notes the presence of the term 'seva' in tamizh epigraphs as 'sevai' and denotes the sense of 'service'. These epigraphs also talk about an 'inām' for services and tax-free land given to servants for enjoyment in lieu of salary.<ref>Indian Epigraphical Glossary</ref>
 
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The root सेव् means<ref name=":1">Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेव् (p.1137)</ref>  
 
  
 
# to serve, wait or attend upon, honour, worship, obey, etc.
 
# to serve, wait or attend upon, honour, worship, obey, etc.
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# to attach or devote oneself to, attend to, cultivate, practise, perform. For eg. Manusmrti. विद्वद्भिः सेवितः सद्भिर्नित्यमद्वेषरागिभिः । हृदयेनाभ्यनुज्ञातो यो धर्मस्तं निबोधत । । २.१ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 2]</ref> Meaning: Learn that Dharma which has been ever followed by and sanctioned by the heart of the learned and the good who are free from love and hate.<ref>Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti with the Manubhashya of Medhatithi ([https://ia601503.us.archive.org/5/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46009/2015.46009.Manusmrti--Vol-3_text.pdf Vol.3]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>
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# to attach or devote oneself to, attend to, cultivate, practise, perform as in [[Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)|Manusmrti]] - विद्वद्भिः सेवितः सद्भिर्नित्यमद्वेषरागिभिः । हृदयेनाभ्यनुज्ञातो यो धर्मस्तं निबोधत । । २.१ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 2]</ref> Meaning, Learn that [[Dharma (धर्मः)|Dharma]] which has been ever followed by and sanctioned by the heart of the learned and the good who are free from love and hate.<ref>Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti with the Manubhashya of Medhatithi ([https://ia601503.us.archive.org/5/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46009/2015.46009.Manusmrti--Vol-3_text.pdf Vol.3]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>
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# to resort to, betake oneself to, dwell in, frequent, inhabit - Panchatantra अर्थार्थी जीवलोकोऽयं श्मशानमपि सेवते। त्यक्त्वा जनयितारं स्वं निःस्वं यच्छति दूरतः॥१.९॥<ref>Panchatantra, Tantra 1: Mitrabheda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8 1-20]) </ref> Meaning: This mortal world, desirous of riches, recourses even to a cremation ground and relinquishing one's indigent progenitor-father even, goes far.<ref>Dr. Naveen Kumr Jha & Dr Anjana (2016), Pancatantram, Delhi: J.P.Publishing House, p.10. </ref>
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# to resort to, betake oneself to, dwell in, frequent, inhabit as in [[Panchatantra (पंचतंत्र)|Panchatantra]] - अर्थार्थी जीवलोकोऽयं श्मशानमपि सेवते। त्यक्त्वा जनयितारं स्वं निःस्वं यच्छति दूरतः॥१.९॥<ref>Panchatantra, Tantra 1: Mitrabheda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8 1-20]) </ref> Meaning, This mortal world, desirous of riches, recourses even to a cremation ground and relinquishing one's indigent progenitor-father even, goes far.<ref name=":0">Dr. Naveen Kumr Jha & Dr Anjana (2016), Pancatantram, Delhi: J.P.Publishing House. </ref>
 
# to watch over, guard, protect
 
# to watch over, guard, protect
  
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Consequently, a 'sevaka'<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवक (p.1138)</ref> is described as
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The Indian Epigraphical Glossary notes the presence of the term 'seva' in tamizh epigraphs as 'sevai' that denotes the sense of 'service'. These epigraphs also talk about an 'inām' for services and tax-free land given to servants for enjoyment in lieu of salary.<ref>D.C. Sircar (1966), Indian Epigraphical Glossary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, See: [https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphic00sircuoft/page/310/mode/2up?view=theater Seva]</ref>
  
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# a servant, dependant. For eg. Hitopadesh 2.20 (Nirnaya Sagara Edition) सेवया धनम् इच्छद्भिः सेवकैः पश्य यत् कृतम् । स्वातन्त्र्यं यच्छरीरस्य मूढैस्तद् अपि हारितम् ॥२०॥<ref>Hitopadesha, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD Suhrdbheda]</ref> Meaning: See what servants who wish to acquire wealth by means of service have done - those folls have allowed even the independence of their body to be lost !<ref name=":2">M.R.Kale (1967), [https://ia601506.us.archive.org/34/items/gQXu_hitopadesa-of-narayana-edited-with-a-sanskrit-commentary-maram-prakasika-and-not/Hitopadesa%20Of%20Narayana%20Edited%20With%20A%20Sanskrit%20Commentary%20Maram%20Prakasika%20And%20Notes%20In%20English%20By%20M%20R%20Kale%2C%201967%20-%20Motilal%20Banarsidas.pdf Hitopadesa of Narayana], Motilal Banarsidass, p.42</ref>
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In Sanskrit, the 'sevaka'<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवक (p.1138)</ref> refers to
 +
# a servant, dependant as in Hitopadesha सेवया धनम् इच्छद्भिः सेवकैः पश्य यत् कृतम् । स्वातन्त्र्यं यच्छरीरस्य मूढैस्तद् अपि हारितम् ॥२०॥<ref>Hitopadesha, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD Suhrdbheda]</ref> Meaning, See what servants who wish to acquire wealth by means of service have done - those fools have allowed even the independence of their body to be lost !<ref name=":2" />
 
# a votary, worshipper
 
# a votary, worshipper
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However, in the Indian epigraphical glossary, the term sevaka is also used to reffer to a soldier.<ref>D.C. Sircar (1966), Indian Epigraphical Glossary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, See: [https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphic00sircuoft/page/310/mode/2up?view=theater Sevaka]</ref>
  
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And 'sevana'<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवन (p.1138)</ref> is  
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The concept of Seva is also closely associated with
  
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# the act of serving, service, attendence upon, worship (Gurusevana Raghuvamsha 18.30)
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* dharma as in सेवाधर्मः<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवाधर्मः (p.1138)</ref> or the duty of service as seen in the Panchatantra viz. सेवाधर्मः परमगहनो योगिनाम् अप्यगम्यः ॥पञ्च_१.३०८॥<ref>Panchatantra, Tantra 1: Mitrabheda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A4%9B 301-350])</ref> Meaning, the duty of service is highly mysterious, even yogis are not able to measure its depth.<ref name=":0" />
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# following, practising, employing Manusmrti 12.52 - इन्द्रियाणां प्रसङ्गेन धर्मस्यासेवनेन च । पापान्संयान्ति संसारानविद्वांसो नराधमाः । । १२.५२ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 12]</ref> Meaning: Foolish men of the lowest class go through the vilest migratory states, in consequence of being addicted to the senses and by not attending to duties.<ref>Ganganath Jha (1926), Manusmrti with the Manubhashya of Medhatithi ([https://ia800908.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.281746/2015.281746.Manu-Smrti_text.pdf Vol.5]), University of Calcutta, p.606</ref>
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* Vyavahara as in सेवाव्यवहारः or the practice or law of service.<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवाव्यवहारः (p.1138)</ref>
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And 'sevana'<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवन (p.1138)</ref> is
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# the act of serving, service, attendence upon, worship.
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# following, practising, employing as in Manusmrti - इन्द्रियाणां प्रसङ्गेन धर्मस्यासेवनेन च । पापान्संयान्ति संसारानविद्वांसो नराधमाः । । १२.५२ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 12]</ref> Meaning, Foolish men of the lowest class go through the vilest migratory states, in consequence of being addicted to the senses and by not attending to duties.<ref>Ganganath Jha (1926), Manusmrti with the Manubhashya of Medhatithi ([https://ia800908.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.281746/2015.281746.Manu-Smrti_text.pdf Vol.5]), University of Calcutta, p.606</ref>
 
# Using, enjoying
 
# Using, enjoying
 
# devotion to, fondness for
 
# devotion to, fondness for
 
# frequenting, dweling in
 
# frequenting, dweling in
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Seva<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवा (p.1138)</ref> is explained as
 
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# Service, servitude, dependence
 
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# Attendence For eg. Hitopadesh 3.11 (Nirnaya Sagara Edition) हीनसेवा न कर्तव्या<ref>Hitopadesha, Vigraha, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB Katha 2]</ref> Meaning: A mean person should not be served.<ref name=":2" />
 
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# Worship, homage, honouring.
 
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# Devotion to, fondness for.
 
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# Frequenting, resorting to.
 
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# Flattery, coaxing or flattering words.
 
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Seva dharma<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवाधर्मः (p.1138)</ref> is the duty of service For eg. Panchatantra (1.308) सेवाधर्मः परमगहनो योगिनाम् अप्यगम्यः ॥पञ्च_१.३०८॥<ref>Panchatantra, Tantra 1: Mitrabheda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A4%9B 301-350])</ref>
 
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Seva Vyavahara<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://ia600505.us.archive.org/19/items/ldpd_7285627_000/ldpd_7285627_000.pdf The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवाव्यवहारः (p.1138)</ref> refers to the practice or law of service.
 
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Indian Epigraphical Glossary
 
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sevā, cf. Tamil sevai, śervai (SITI);
 
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Apte
 
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-वृत्तिः a livelihood gained by service.
 
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==

Latest revision as of 17:54, 13 June 2025

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 This is a short stub article. Needs Expansion.

The term 'Seva'[1] is primarily used in the sense of

  1. Service, servitude, dependence
  2. Attending to as in Hitopadesha - हीनसेवा न कर्तव्या...॥११॥[2] Meaning, A mean person should not be served.[3]
  3. Worship, homage, honouring.
  4. Devotion to, fondness for.
  5. Frequenting, resorting to.
  6. Flattery, coaxing or flattering words.

The root of the word 'Seva' is generally traced back to the dhatu सेव्[4] which could mean

  1. to serve, wait or attend upon, honour, worship, obey, etc.
  2. to attach or devote oneself to, attend to, cultivate, practise, perform as in Manusmrti - विद्वद्भिः सेवितः सद्भिर्नित्यमद्वेषरागिभिः । हृदयेनाभ्यनुज्ञातो यो धर्मस्तं निबोधत । । २.१ । ।[5] Meaning, Learn that Dharma which has been ever followed by and sanctioned by the heart of the learned and the good who are free from love and hate.[6]
  3. to resort to, betake oneself to, dwell in, frequent, inhabit as in Panchatantra - अर्थार्थी जीवलोकोऽयं श्मशानमपि सेवते। त्यक्त्वा जनयितारं स्वं निःस्वं यच्छति दूरतः॥१.९॥[7] Meaning, This mortal world, desirous of riches, recourses even to a cremation ground and relinquishing one's indigent progenitor-father even, goes far.[8]
  4. to watch over, guard, protect

The Indian Epigraphical Glossary notes the presence of the term 'seva' in tamizh epigraphs as 'sevai' that denotes the sense of 'service'. These epigraphs also talk about an 'inām' for services and tax-free land given to servants for enjoyment in lieu of salary.[9]

In Sanskrit, the 'sevaka'[10] refers to

  1. a servant, dependant as in Hitopadesha सेवया धनम् इच्छद्भिः सेवकैः पश्य यत् कृतम् । स्वातन्त्र्यं यच्छरीरस्य मूढैस्तद् अपि हारितम् ॥२०॥[11] Meaning, See what servants who wish to acquire wealth by means of service have done - those fools have allowed even the independence of their body to be lost ![3]
  2. a votary, worshipper

However, in the Indian epigraphical glossary, the term sevaka is also used to reffer to a soldier.[12]

The concept of Seva is also closely associated with

  • dharma as in सेवाधर्मः[13] or the duty of service as seen in the Panchatantra viz. सेवाधर्मः परमगहनो योगिनाम् अप्यगम्यः ॥पञ्च_१.३०८॥[14] Meaning, the duty of service is highly mysterious, even yogis are not able to measure its depth.[8]
  • Vyavahara as in सेवाव्यवहारः or the practice or law of service.[15]

And 'sevana'[16] is

  1. the act of serving, service, attendence upon, worship.
  2. following, practising, employing as in Manusmrti - इन्द्रियाणां प्रसङ्गेन धर्मस्यासेवनेन च । पापान्संयान्ति संसारानविद्वांसो नराधमाः । । १२.५२ । ।[17] Meaning, Foolish men of the lowest class go through the vilest migratory states, in consequence of being addicted to the senses and by not attending to duties.[18]
  3. Using, enjoying
  4. devotion to, fondness for
  5. frequenting, dweling in

References

  1. ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवा (p.1138)
  2. ↑ Hitopadesha, Vigraha, Katha 2
  3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 M.R.Kale (1967), Hitopadesa of Narayana, Motilal Banarsidass, p.42
  4. ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेव् (p.1137)
  5. ↑ Manusmrti, Adhyaya 2
  6. ↑ Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti with the Manubhashya of Medhatithi (Vol.3), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
  7. ↑ Panchatantra, Tantra 1: Mitrabheda (1-20)
  8. ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Dr. Naveen Kumr Jha & Dr Anjana (2016), Pancatantram, Delhi: J.P.Publishing House.
  9. ↑ D.C. Sircar (1966), Indian Epigraphical Glossary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, See: Seva
  10. ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवक (p.1138)
  11. ↑ Hitopadesha, Suhrdbheda
  12. ↑ D.C. Sircar (1966), Indian Epigraphical Glossary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, See: Sevaka
  13. ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवाधर्मः (p.1138)
  14. ↑ Panchatantra, Tantra 1: Mitrabheda (301-350)
  15. ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवाव्यवहारः (p.1138)
  16. ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co.; Book-Sellers & c. &c. See: सेवन (p.1138)
  17. ↑ Manusmrti, Adhyaya 12
  18. ↑ Ganganath Jha (1926), Manusmrti with the Manubhashya of Medhatithi (Vol.5), University of Calcutta, p.606
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