Yoga Darshana (योगदर्शनम्) - Revision history

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 === औपनिषदिककालः  ॥ Upanishadic Age ===
 Upanishadic texts are the main source for the documented information about Yoga practices and related literature of this period. It is said that the Rishis slowly refined and developed Yoga and documented their practices and beliefs in the [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]].<ref name=":0" />
 === पतञ्जलेः कालः ॥ The Age of Patanjali ===

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	In an early review of research on meditation and psi (psychic ability), Honorton (1977) lists 16 studies. Out of these, nine experimental series gave significant evidence of psi among meditating subjects.<ref name=":8" />		In an early review of research on meditation and psi (psychic ability), Honorton (1977) lists 16 studies. Out of these, nine experimental series gave significant evidence of psi among meditating subjects.<ref name=":8" />
		+
		+	=== Yoga and Emotional Effects ===
		+	In a study of the effect of yoga practice on the neuroticism and anxiety scores of subjects, Kocher (1972) found that the subjects who practiced yoga obtained significantly lower scores on neuroticism, anxiety, and general hostility after 8 months of practice consisting of āsanas, prāṇāyāma, and kriyās (cleansing exercises). No such effects were observed in a control group of subjects who did not practice yoga.
		+
		+	Oak and Bhole (1982) also reported a decrement in neuroticism and anxiety scores among asthmatics undergoing yogic treatment.
		+
		+	In a study involving a sample of 356 nonclinical subjects, Vinod et al. (1991) reported significant effect of yoga on reducing anxiety.
		+
		+	According to Yoga, suffering is inherent in human existence and yoga practice is a way of overcoming it. The classical philosophical conception of suffering runs parallel to contemporary psychological notion of stress. Yoga may be seen as a method to develop strategies involving practice of detachment, desireless action, and focused attention, which are believed to lead to a stress-free state of equanimity. In the West it is the relation between the stressor and stress that is emphasized. Coping is seen as a moderating variable. The effects of stressor on the person are to some degree altered by the coping resources of the person. In the Indian tradition, it is the coping and not the stressor that is seen as the important factor in stress management. Desires and conflicts cause stress and suffering. Ego-centeredness is at the root of desires, which inevitably lead to conflicts. Therefore, ego-control/deconstruction and movement away from self-centeredness to altruism become the way to reduce suffering.<ref name=":8" />

	== संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==		== संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==

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 Other forms of physical exercises, like aerobics, assure only physical well-being. They have little to do with the development of the spiritual or astral body. However, Yoga is a way of living that aims towards a healthy mind in a healthy body.<ref name=":0" />
-At the transcendental level, the prime application of yoga is ego control. Such control/transcendence of the ego/ahamkara is believed to result in self-discovery, promote altruistic behavior and spread empathy with and love for others.<ref>K. Ramakrishna Rao & Anand C. Paranjpe (2016), Psychology in the Indian Tradition, India: Springer.</ref> {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU5xaLcE2xo&feature=youtu.be
+At the transcendental level, the prime application of yoga is ego control. Such control/transcendence of the ego/ahamkara is believed to result in self-discovery, promote altruistic behavior and spread empathy with and love for others.<ref name=":8">K. Ramakrishna Rao & Anand C. Paranjpe (2016), Psychology in the Indian Tradition, India: Springer.</ref> {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU5xaLcE2xo&feature=youtu.be
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 Good physical health can be achieved and maintained by observing rigidly the laws of health and the rules of hygiene, by taking wholesome l ight, substantial, easily digestible, nutritious, bland food or Sattvic diet, by inhaling pure air, by regular physical exercise, by daily cold bath, by observing moderation in eating and drinking. Good mental health can be attained and maintained by Japa, meditation, Brahmacharya, practice of Yama, Niyama and right conduct, right thinking, right feeling, right speaking and right action. Atmic Vichara, change of thought, relaxation of mind by dwelling the mind on pleasant thoughts, mental recreation and the practice of cheerfulness, etc.<ref name=":4" />
 == संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==

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 Teaching yoga at the school level will help to encourage a positive and healthy lifestyle for better physical, mental and emotional health of children. At the physical level, the practice of yoga will help in the development of strength, stamina, endurance and high energy in children. At the mental level, it will empower them with increased concentration, calm, peace and contentment, leading to inner and outer harmony.
-Other forms of physical exercises, like aerobics, assure only physical well-being. They have little to do with the development of the spiritual or astral body. However, Yoga is a way of living that aims towards a healthy mind in a healthy body. {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU5xaLcE2xo&feature=youtu.be
+Other forms of physical exercises, like aerobics, assure only physical well-being. They have little to do with the development of the spiritual or astral body. However, Yoga is a way of living that aims towards a healthy mind in a healthy body.<ref name=":0" />
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 === आहारः ॥ Diet ===
 {{Main article|Ahara (आहारः)}}
-It is said, 'We are what we eat'. Therefore, along with Yoga practice, an accompaniment of a proper diet is essential to maintain a healthy physical body. And a diet of purely fresh, locally grown and organic ingredients is recommended.<ref name=":0" />
+It is said, 'We are what we eat'. Therefore, along with Yoga practice, an accompaniment of a proper diet is essential to maintain a healthy physical body. And a diet of purely fresh, locally grown and organic ingredients is recommended.<ref name=":0" /> Infact, emphasizing on the importance of a balanced diet in Yoga Practice, the Gheranda Samhita says,
-There is emphasis on raw food in Yogic texts. Infact, the Yogic diet is traditionally called a diet of fruits and roots (phala and mula) though it includes grains and dairy products as well. This is because raw foods are known to increase the air and water elements in the body that helps in detoxification. The mind being of the nature of air and ether, raw foods also facilitate opening of the mind. They are rich in prana, which the yogi is seeking to develop as the higher energy of the mind. Raw food bring the pranic force not only into the body but into the mind as well. It promotes subtle sensitivities of Prana and mind. Hence, Yogis in retreat in nature live on wild food as part of their spiritual regimen and as a means of connecting with the forces of nature.
+मिताहारं विना यस्तु योगरम्भं तु कारयेत्। नानारोगो भवेत्तस्य किञ्चिद्योगो न सिध्यति ॥१६॥<ref>Gheranda Samhita, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 5]</ref>
 Infact, most people can benefit from periodic raw food diets for detoxification purposes. Some amount of raw food is also required to afford the proper vitamins, minerals and enzymes that abound in these foods. Moreover, raw food combined with asana, pranayama, mantra and meditation helps one cleanse both the physical body and the subtle body.

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 == Ashtanga Yoga ==
 Ashtanga Yoga or Raja Yoga
 Yama: Universal laws, Ahimsa-Satya-Asteya-Brahmcharya-Aparigrah<ref name=":5">Ashish Pandey (2022), Lecture Presentation on Yoga and Positive Psychology for Managing Career and Life (Session 13 - Interventions for Managing Self and Career).</ref> अहिंसासत्यास्तेयब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रहा यमाः॥२.३०॥
 '''Nonviolence:'''     अहिंसा - प्रतिष्ठायाम्      तत् - सन्निधौ  वैर- त्यागः॥On     being firmly established in non-violence, all beings coming near him cease     to be hostile.
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 Niyama: Social and personal observances; Shauch-Santosha-Tapas-Svadhyaya-Ishwara Pranidhana<ref name=":5" /> शौचसंतोषतपःस्वाध्यायेश्वरप्रणिधानानि नियमाः॥२.३२॥
 Cleanliness: Shaucha, सत्त्व-शुद्धि-सौमनस्य-ऐकाग्र्य-इन्द्रिय-जय-आत्मदर्शन-योग्यत्वानि     One achieves purification of the Sattva, cheerfulness of the mind,     concentration, conquest of the organs and fitness for the realization of     the Self.
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 Self observation: Svadhyay, स्वाध्यायात् -इष्टदेवता-सम्प्रयोग:॥ From study and by repetition of the mantras comes communion with one's chosen deity<ref name=":6" />
-Āsana: Physical postures
+Āsana: Physical postures<ref name=":7" />
-Prāṇāyāma: Regulation of vitality through breath
+Pratyāhāra: Withdrawal of senses from external world<ref name=":5" /> Control of the Senses<ref name=":7" />
-Pratyāhāra: Withdrawal of senses from external world
+Dhāraṇā: Effortful, focused attention, concentration<ref name=":5" /> Right Attention or Control of the Mind<ref name=":7" />
-Dhāraṇā: Effortful, focused attention, concentration
+Dhyāna: Meditation,<ref name=":7" /> effortless, perpetual flow of attention<ref name=":5" />
-Dhyāna: Meditation, effortless, perpetual flow of attention
+Samādhi: self-transcendence and ecstasy<ref name=":5" /> Absorption<ref name=":7" />
-Samādhi: self-transcendence and ecstasy<ref name=":5" />
+The first five limbs from yama to pratyahara make up the outer aspect of yoga. They are preliminary in nature, laying the foundation for deeper practice. The first two (yama and niyama) refer to the right attitudes, values and lifestyle practices necessary for yoga, its ethical foundation. The next three (asana, pranayama, pratyahara) are the means to control the outer aspects of our nature as body, breath and senses. The last three (dharana, dhyana and samadhi) are called samyama or integration. They naturally go together. Attention naturally leads to meditation, which in time results in absorption or the unification of the perceiver and the perceived. They bring us knowledge of our true Self.<ref name=":7" />
 == Stages in Yoga Practice ==
-In Yoga, Sattva is the higher quality that allows spiritual growth to occur. With reference to this quality Yoga practice is described as comprising of two stages viz. the development of sattva and transcendence of sattva. Development of sattva means purification of body and mind. Transcendence of sattva means going beyond the body and mind to our true Self beyond manifestation. Without development of sattva, one cannot transcend it. Therefore, developing sattva or purity in body and mind, including the emotions is imperative in the path of seeking any further enlightenment. And development of sattva occurs through right diet, physical purification, control of the senses, control of the mind, mantra and devotion while, transcendence of sattva comes from higher meditation practices.<ref>David Frawley (1999), [https://archive.org/details/yogaayurvedaselfhealingandselfrealizationdavidfrawley_757_/mode/2up Yoga & Ayurveda], Wisconsin: Lotus Press.</ref>
+In Yoga, Sattva is the higher quality that allows spiritual growth to occur. With reference to this quality Yoga practice is described as comprising of two stages viz. the development of sattva and transcendence of sattva. Development of sattva means purification of body and mind. Transcendence of sattva means going beyond the body and mind to our true Self beyond manifestation. Without development of sattva, one cannot transcend it. Therefore, developing sattva or purity in body and mind, including the emotions is imperative in the path of seeking any further enlightenment. And development of sattva occurs through right diet, physical purification, control of the senses, control of the mind, mantra and devotion while, transcendence of sattva comes from higher meditation practices.<ref name=":7">David Frawley (1999), [https://archive.org/details/yogaayurvedaselfhealingandselfrealizationdavidfrawley_757_/mode/2up Yoga & Ayurveda], Wisconsin: Lotus Press.</ref>
 == योगदर्शनस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Yoga ==

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	Samādhi: self-transcendence and ecstasy<ref name=":5" />		Samādhi: self-transcendence and ecstasy<ref name=":5" />
		+
		+	== Stages in Yoga Practice ==
		+	In Yoga, Sattva is the higher quality that allows spiritual growth to occur. With reference to this quality Yoga practice is described as comprising of two stages viz. the development of sattva and transcendence of sattva. Development of sattva means purification of body and mind. Transcendence of sattva means going beyond the body and mind to our true Self beyond manifestation. Without development of sattva, one cannot transcend it. Therefore, developing sattva or purity in body and mind, including the emotions is imperative in the path of seeking any further enlightenment. And development of sattva occurs through right diet, physical purification, control of the senses, control of the mind, mantra and devotion while, transcendence of sattva comes from higher meditation practices.<ref>David Frawley (1999), [https://archive.org/details/yogaayurvedaselfhealingandselfrealizationdavidfrawley_757_/mode/2up Yoga & Ayurveda], Wisconsin: Lotus Press.</ref>

	== योगदर्शनस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Yoga ==		== योगदर्शनस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Yoga ==

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 Yoga in a generic sense refers to Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Hatha Yoga, Mantra Yoga and Laya Yoga. In a restricted sense it means the Ashtanga Yoga or Raja Yoga of Patanjali Maharshi. And a Yogi is on who has reached the highest Samadhi which is the final achievement or fulfilment of Yoga.<ref name=":4">Swami Sivananda (2006), [https://archive.org/details/practice-of-yoga/mode/2up?view=theater Practice of Yoga], Shivanandanagar: The Divine Life Society.</ref>
 == योगदर्शनस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Yoga ==
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 # Organic phase characterised by physiological changes such as ulcerated stomach or chronic hypertension, becoming manifest in totality affects the Annamaya kosha.
-And as a result of this association discovered between the psychosomatic disorders and the Five Koshas of human existence, Yoga as a mind-body therapy becomes effective in all the phases enumerated here.
+And as a result of this association discovered between the psychosomatic disorders and the Five Koshas of human existence, Yoga as a mind-body therapy becomes effective in all the phases enumerated here.<ref name=":3" />
 ==== FACTORS TO ENHANCE WELL-BEING ====
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 No one can work smoothly with a ruffled mind. A ruffled mind disturbs the three humours of the body and brings about al l sorts of diseases i n its turn. This is the theory of Ayurveda which quite tallies with the theory of Raja Yoga and the theory of western psychologists.
-Good physical health can be achieved and maintained by observing rigidly the laws of health and the rules of hygiene, by taking wholesome l ight, substantial, easily digestible, nutritious, bland food or Sattvic diet, by inhaling pure air, by regular physical exercise, by daily cold bath, by observing moderation in eating and drinking. Good mental health can be attained and maintained by Japa, meditation, Brahmacharya, practice of Yama, Niyama and right conduct, right thinking, right feeling, right speaking and right action. Atmic Vichara, change of thought, relaxation of mind by dwelling the mind on pleasant thoughts, mental recreation and the practice of cheerfulness, etc.<ref>Swami Sivananda (2006), [https://archive.org/details/practice-of-yoga/mode/2up?view=theater Practice of Yoga], Shivanandanagar: The Divine Life Society.</ref>
+Good physical health can be achieved and maintained by observing rigidly the laws of health and the rules of hygiene, by taking wholesome l ight, substantial, easily digestible, nutritious, bland food or Sattvic diet, by inhaling pure air, by regular physical exercise, by daily cold bath, by observing moderation in eating and drinking. Good mental health can be attained and maintained by Japa, meditation, Brahmacharya, practice of Yama, Niyama and right conduct, right thinking, right feeling, right speaking and right action. Atmic Vichara, change of thought, relaxation of mind by dwelling the mind on pleasant thoughts, mental recreation and the practice of cheerfulness, etc.<ref name=":4" />
 == संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 25 November 2022
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	Japa, the practice of Asanas, Mudras, Pranayamas, Pratyahara, Dharana, Sarna, Dama, study of the Gita, Ramayana, and other scriptures, Sattvic food, Kirtana (singing the Lord's Name), keeping the mind fully occupied by some work or other, prayer, meditation, Vichara, avoidance of evil company, all will go a long way in the attainment or establishment of Brahmacharya.<ref name=":4" />		Japa, the practice of Asanas, Mudras, Pranayamas, Pratyahara, Dharana, Sarna, Dama, study of the Gita, Ramayana, and other scriptures, Sattvic food, Kirtana (singing the Lord's Name), keeping the mind fully occupied by some work or other, prayer, meditation, Vichara, avoidance of evil company, all will go a long way in the attainment or establishment of Brahmacharya.<ref name=":4" />
		+
		+	=== Health and Yoga ===
		+
		+	* Health is the state of equilibrium of the three humours of the body viz., Vata, Pitta, and Kapha (wind, bile and phlegm) wherein the mind and all the organs of the body work in harmony and concord, and man enjoys peace and happiness and performs his duties of life with comfort and ease.
		+	* It is that condition in which man has good digestion and appetite, a normal breathing and normal pulse, good quantity of pure blood, strong nerves, a calm mind, a free movement of the bowels, normal state of urine, rosy cheeks, shining face and sparkling eyes.
		+	* It is that state in which a man jumps, sings, smiles, laughs, whistles and moves about with joy and ecstasy.
		+	* It is that condition in which he can think, speak and act properly.
		+
		+	And good health is essential to achieve the four kinds of Purushartha viz .. Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha (righteousness, wealth, desires and liberation). Without good health you cannot pray and meditate. Without good health you cannot do any Asana and Pranayama. That is the reason why scriptures declare that this body is a boat to cross this ocean of Samsara. It is an instrument for doing virtuous deeds and attaining Moksha.
		+
		+	An aspirant should be free from Adhi and Vyadhi, diseases of the mind and the body, if he wants to do Yoga and attain knowledge of the Self. According to the science of Yoga all physical diseases take their origin from the diseases of the mind, from an unhealthy state of mind. The Western psychologists also corroborate this fact. They say that the diseases of the body are attributable to hatred, anger, worry, depression, etc., which corrode the mind and react on the body and bring about various sorts of physical diseases by destroying the cells of the body.
		+
		+	No one can work smoothly with a ruffled mind. A ruffled mind disturbs the three humours of the body and brings about al l sorts of diseases i n its turn. This is the theory of Ayurveda which quite tallies with the theory of Raja Yoga and the theory of western psychologists.
		+
		+	Good physical health can be achieved and maintained by observing rigidly the laws of health and the rules of hygiene, by taking wholesome l ight, substantial, easily digestible, nutritious, bland food or Sattvic diet, by inhaling pure air, by regular physical exercise, by daily cold bath, by observing moderation in eating and drinking. Good mental health can be attained and maintained by Japa, meditation, Brahmacharya, practice of Yama, Niyama and right conduct, right thinking, right feeling, right speaking and right action. Atmic Vichara, change of thought, relaxation of mind by dwelling the mind on pleasant thoughts, mental recreation and the practice of cheerfulness, etc.<ref>Swami Sivananda (2006), [https://archive.org/details/practice-of-yoga/mode/2up?view=theater Practice of Yoga], Shivanandanagar: The Divine Life Society.</ref>

	== संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==		== संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==