Yajnavalkya Smrti (याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति:) - Revision history

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Vedanga is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—Shiksha (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), Chandas (the science of prosody), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), Jyotish (astronomy) and Kalpa (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, Shrautasutra, Grihyasutra, Dharmasutra and Shulvasutra. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the Dharmashastra or Smrti literature in later years. The Trimuni of Indian Nyaya (Law and Order) are: Narada, Brihaspati and Katyayana.

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
According to Swami Harshananda<ref>Swami Harshananda (2008), A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism (Volume 3), Bangalore: Ramakrishna Math</ref>, Yajnavalkya was one of the wisest and the most illustrious among the Vedic sages. He was the son of the sage Brahmarata and a nephew cum disciple of Vaishampayana.

Krishna Dvaipayana Vedavyasa had taught the four Vedas to his four students: Rgveda to Paila, Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, Samaveda to Jaimini and Atharvaveda to Sumantu. Vaishampaya also taught it to his students but once Yajnavalkya incurred the wrath of his Guru and was expelled by him, after surrendering the Yajurveda to him. Later he pleased Surya and got a new lyrical Veda, which came to be known as the Shukla Yajurveda or Vajasaneyi Samhita.

In the scholarly debates on Brahman arranged by the king Janaka Vaideha, he emerged as the best and the most brilliant of all the scholarly Rishis, as recorded in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Chapter Three). He taught spiritual wisdom to his first wife Maitreyi who was a seeker of truth and his second wife was Katyayani.

Two more works are attributed to him: Yoga-yajnavalkya and Yajnavalkya Smrti. Yajnavalkya Smrti is a well-known Smrti belonging to the classical Dharmasastra literature. It is said to be a composition of the famous sage Yajnavalkya, the promulgator of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita. Its style and ideas seem to be close to this Veda. The present edition as available now was probably finalised by 700 CE, though the original might be placed between 100 BC and 300 CE. Passages from it are found on inscriptions in every part of India dated in the tenth and eleventh centuries after Christ and also in the Panchatantra.

== भाष्याणि ॥ Commentaries ==
It has more than 1000 verses in the classical Anushtubh metre and has five standard commentaries: Dharma-shastra-nibandha by Apararka (1200 CE), Mitramishra (1600 CE), Shulapani (circa 1400 CE), Mitakshara by Vijnaneshvara (circa 1100 CE) and Balakrida by Vishvarupa (800-825 CE).

== अध्यायसारः ॥ Chapter Contents ==
His institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of Manu. Its contents<ref>Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:

=== '''First Adhyaya: Achara (13 Prakaranas – 368 verses)''' ===
Upoddhata - Introduction

Brahmachari – The duties of Religious Student

Vivaha - The eight forms of marriage

Varna-jati-viveka – Description of various classes

Grihastha – The duties of a Householder

Snataka-dharma – The proper time for Vedic study and its Consecration

Bhakshya-abhakshya – Articles to be avoided

Dravya-shuddhi – Various instruments for purification

Dana - On giving gifts

Shraddha - Shraddha and its varieties

Ganapati-kalpa – The adoration of Vinayaka

Graha-shanti - The adoration of nine planets

Raja-dharma – The characteristics and duties of a King

=== '''Second Adhyaya: Vyavahara (25 Prakaranas – 307 verses)''' ===
Sadharana-vyavahara-matrika – Laws and regulations in general

Asadharana-vyavahara-matrika – Specific Laws and regulations

Rinadana - Debts, interest and repayment

Upanidhi – Sealed deposit

Sakshi – The Law of Evidence

Lekhya – Written Document

Divya – Divine Tests

Daya-vibhaga - Partition of property among heirs

Sima-vivada - Boundary disputes

Svami-pala-vivada – Disputes of the keepers

Svami-vikraya – Unlawful sale of articles

Dattapradanika – Non-delivery or resumption of gifts

Kritanushaya

Abhyupetyashyshrusha – Breach of contract or engagement between master and servant

Samvit-vyatikrama – Violation of a contract

Vetanadana – Non-payment of wages

Dyuta-samahvaya - Gambling

Vak-parushya – Defamation

Danda-parushya - Crimes and punishment

Sahasa – Criminal act

Vikriyasampradana – Non-delivery of sold articles

Sambhuya-samutthana – Joint stock companies

Steya - Theft

Stri-samgrahana – Adultery, seduction

Prakirna - Miscellaneous

=== '''Third Adhyaya: Prayashchitta (6 Prakaranas – 334 verses)''' ===
Aashaucha - On cremation and burial

Aapad-dharma - Rules of conduct in distress

Vanaprastha-dharma – Regulations relating to Vanaprastha

Yati-dharma – Duties of a person who has renounced the world

Prayashchitta - Sins and expiations

Prakirnaka-prayashchittani – Miscellaneous Expiatory rites

== उपसंहार: ॥ Conclusion ==
The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन्/ वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत:// yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan/ varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah//</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do thou describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), ashramas (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>

It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम्/ एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे// śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam/ evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve//</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a Horse-Sacrifice. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />

Thus, Yajnavalkya Smrti provides a thorough and chronological insight into the then societal fabric along with its local customs, law and order and expiation traditions.

== References ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Vedanga is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the four Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—Shiksha (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), Chandas (the science of prosody), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), Jyotish (astronomy) and Kalpa (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, Shrautasutra, Grihyasutra, Dharmasutra and Shulvasutra. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the Dharmashastra or Smrti literature in later years. The Trimuni of Indian Nyaya (Law and Order) are: Narada, Brihaspati and Katyayana.<ref>Uma Sankara Sarma 'Rsi' (2004), Samskrta Sahitya ka Itihasa, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy</ref>
+[[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Vedanga]] is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|four Vedas]] and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the [[Mantra (मंत्र)|Mantras]] in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—[[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksha]] (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), [[Chandas (छन्दस्)|Chandas]] (the science of prosody), [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)|Vyakarana]] (grammar), [[Nirukta (निरुक्तम्)|Nirukta]] (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), [[Vedanga Jyotisha (वेदाङ्गज्योतिषम्)|Jyotish]] (astronomy) and [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa]] (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, [[Shrautasutras (श्रौतसूत्राणि)|Shrautasutra]], [[Grhyasutras (गृह्यसूत्राणि)|Grhyasutra]], [[Dharmasutras (धर्मसूत्राणि)|Dharmasutra]] and [[Shulbasutras (शुल्बसूत्राणि)|Shulvasutra]]. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the [[Dharmashastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharmashastra]] or [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrti literature]] in later years. The Trimuni of Indian [[Nyaya (न्यायः)|Nyaya]] (Law and Order) are: [[Narada (नारदः)|Narada]], Brihaspati and Katyayana.<ref>Uma Sankara Sarma 'Rsi' (2004), Samskrta Sahitya ka Itihasa, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy</ref>
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-According to Swami Harshananda<ref>Swami Harshananda (2008), A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism (Volume 3), Bangalore: Ramakrishna Math</ref>, Yajnavalkya was one of the wisest and the most illustrious among the Vedic sages. He was the son of the sage Brahmarata and a nephew cum disciple of Vaishampayana.
+According to Swami Harshananda<ref>Swami Harshananda (2008), A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism (Volume 3), Bangalore: Ramakrishna Math</ref>, [[Yajnavalkya (याज्ञवल्क्यः)|Yajnavalkya]] was one of the wisest and the most illustrious among the Vedic sages. He was the son of the sage Brahmarata and a nephew cum disciple of Vaishampayana.
-Krishna Dvaipayana Vedavyasa had taught the four Vedas to his four students: Rgveda to Paila, Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, Samaveda to Jaimini and Atharvaveda to Sumantu. Vaishampayana also taught it to his students but once Yajnavalkya incurred the wrath of his Guru and was expelled by him, after surrendering the Yajurveda to him. Later he pleased Surya and got a new lyrical Veda, which came to be known as the Shukla Yajurveda or Vajasaneyi Samhita.
+Krishna Dvaipayana [[Maharshi Vyasa (महर्षि व्यास)|Vedavyasa]] had taught the four Vedas to his four students: [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rgveda]] to Paila, [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]] to Vaishampayana, [[Samaveda (सामवेदः)|Samaveda]] to Jaimini and [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]] to Sumantu. Vaishampayana also taught it to his students but once Yajnavalkya incurred the wrath of his [[Guru (गुरुः)|Guru]] and was expelled by him, after surrendering the Yajurveda to him. Later he pleased [[Surya (सूर्यः)|Surya]] and got a new lyrical Veda, which came to be known as the [[Yajurveda Shakhas (यजुर्वेदस्य शाखाः)|Shukla Yajurveda or Vajasaneyi Samhita]].
-In the scholarly debates on Brahman arranged by the king Janaka Vaideha, he emerged as the best and the most brilliant of all the scholarly Rishis, as recorded in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Chapter Three).<ref>Swami Devarupananda (2003), Mantrapushpam, Mumbai: Ramakrishna Math.</ref> He taught spiritual wisdom to his first wife Maitreyi who was a seeker of truth and his second wife was Katyayani.
+In the scholarly debates on [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|Brahman]] arranged by the king [[Janaka (जनक)|Janaka]] Vaideha, he emerged as the best and the most brilliant of all the scholarly Rishis, as recorded in the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्)|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (Chapter Three).<ref>Swami Devarupananda (2003), Mantrapushpam, Mumbai: Ramakrishna Math.</ref> He taught spiritual wisdom to his first wife Maitreyi who was a seeker of truth and his second wife was Katyayani.
-Two more works are attributed to him: Yoga-yajnavalkya and Yajnavalkya Smrti. Yajnavalkya Smrti is a well-known Smrti belonging to the Dharmashastra literature. It is said to be a composition of the famous sage Yajnavalkya, the promulgator of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita. Its style and ideas seem to be close to this Veda. The present edition as available now was probably finalised by 700 CE, though the original might be placed between 100 BCE and 300 CE. Passages from it are found on inscriptions in every part of India dated in the tenth and eleventh centuries  (CE) and also in the Panchatantra.
+Two more works are attributed to him: Yoga-yajnavalkya and Yajnavalkya Smrti. Yajnavalkya Smrti is a well-known Smrti belonging to the Dharmashastra literature. It is said to be a composition of the famous sage Yajnavalkya, the promulgator of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita. Its style and ideas seem to be close to this [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Veda]]. The present edition as available now was probably finalised by 700 CE, though the original might be placed between 100 BCE and 300 CE. Passages from it are found on inscriptions in every part of India dated in the tenth and eleventh centuries  (CE) and also in the [[Panchatantra (पंचतंत्र)|Panchatantra]].
 == भाष्याणि ॥ Commentaries ==
-It has more than 1000 verses in the Anushtubh metre and has five standard commentaries:
+It has more than 1000 verses in the Anushtubh metre and has five standard [[Bhashya (भाष्यम्)|commentaries]]:
 * Dharma-shastra-nibandha by Apararka (1200 CE)
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 == अध्यायसारः  ॥ Chapter Contents ==
-Rishi Yajnavalkya's institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of Manu. Its contents<ref name=":1">Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:
+Rishi Yajnavalkya's institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of [[Manu (मनु)|Manu]]. Its contents<ref name=":1">Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:
 === प्रथमाध्याय: आचार: ॥ First Adhyaya: Achara ===
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 |-
 |3
-|Vivaha
+|[[Vivaha (विवाहः)|Vivaha]]
 |The eight forms of marriage
 |-
 |4
-|Varna-jati-viveka
+|[[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varna]]-jati-viveka
 |Description of various classes
 |-
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 |-
 |6
-|Snataka-dharma
+|[[Snataka Dharma (स्नातकधर्मः)|Snataka-dharma]]
 |The proper time for Vedic study and its Consecration
 |-
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 |-
 |9
-|Dana
+|[[Dana (दानम्)|Dana]]
 |On giving gifts
 |-
 |10
-|Shraddha
+|[[Shraddha (श्राद्धम्)|Shraddha]]
 |Shraddha and its varieties
 |-
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 |-
 |13
-|Raja-dharma
+|[[Raja Dharma (राजधर्मः)|Raja-dharma]]
 |The characteristics and duties of a King
 |}
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 |-
 |3
-|Rnadana
+|[[Rna (ऋणम्)|Rnadana]]
 |Debts, interest and repayment
 |-
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 |-
 |2
-|Aapad-dharma
+|[[Apaddharma (आपद्धर्मः)|Aapad-dharma]]
 |Rules of conduct in distress
 |-
 |3
-|Vanaprastha-dharma
+|[[Vanaprasthashrama (वानप्रस्थाश्रमः)|Vanaprastha-dharma]]
 |Regulations relating to Vanaprastha
 |-
@@ Line 215: / Line 215: @@
 |5
 |Prayashchitta
-|Sins and expiations
+|[[Pataka (पातकम्)|Sins]] and expiations
 |-
 |6
@@ Line 223: / Line 223: @@
 == उपसंहार: ॥ Conclusion ==
-The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन् । वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत: ॥<ref name=":1" /> yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan । varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do you describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), ashramas (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>
+The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन् । वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत: ॥<ref name=":1" /> yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan । varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do you describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|ashramas]] (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>
-It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम् । एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे ॥<ref name=":1" /> śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam । evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve ॥</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a Horse-Sacrifice. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />
+It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम् । एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे ॥<ref name=":1" /> śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam । evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve ॥</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a [[Ashvamedha Yajna (अश्वमेधयज्ञः)|Ashvamedha Yajna]]. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />
 Thus, Yajnavalkya Smrti provides a thorough and chronological insight into the then societal fabric along with its local customs, law and order and expiation traditions.
 == References ==

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 === प्रथमाध्याय: आचार: ॥ First Adhyaya: Achara ===
-(13 Prakaranas – 368 verses)
+The first chapter of the Yajnavalkya Smrti has 13 Prakaranas or sections with 368 verses.
 {| class="wikitable"
 !Prakarana
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 === द्वितीयाध्याय: व्यवहार: ॥ Second Adhyaya: Vyavahara ===
-(25 Prakaranas – 307 verses)
+The second chapter of the Yajnavalkya Smrti has 25 Prakaranas or sections with 307 verses.
+{| class="wikitable"
-Sadharana-vyavahara-matrika – Laws and regulations in general
+!Prakarana
+!Title
-Asadharana-vyavahara-matrika – Specific Laws and regulations
+!Topic
+|-
-Rnadana - Debts, interest and repayment
+|1
+|Sadharana-vyavahara-matrika
-Upanidhi – Sealed deposit
+|Laws and regulations in general
+|-
-Sakshi – The Law of Evidence
+|2
+|Asadharana-vyavahara-matrika
-Lekhya – Written Document
+|Specific Laws and regulations
+|-
-Divya – Divine Tests
+|3
+|Rnadana
-Daya-vibhaga - Partition of property among heirs
+|Debts, interest and repayment
+|-
-Sima-vivada - Boundary disputes
+|4
+|Upanidhi
-Svami-pala-vivada – Disputes of the keepers
+|Sealed deposit
+|-
-Svami-vikraya – Unlawful sale of articles
+|5
+|Sakshi
-Dattapradanika – Non-delivery or resumption of gifts
+|The Law of Evidence
+|-
-Krita-anushaya
+|6
+|Lekhya
-Abhyupetyashyshrusha – Breach of contract or engagement between master and servant
+|Written Document
+|-
-Samvit-vyatikrama – Violation of a contract
+|7
+|Divya
-Vetanadana – Non-payment of wages
+|Divine Tests
+|-
-Dyuta-samahvaya - Gambling
+|8
+|Daya-vibhaga
-Vak-parushya – Defamation
+|Partition of property among heirs
+|-
-Danda-parushya - Crimes and punishment
+|9
+|Sima-vivada
-Sahasa – Criminal act
+|Boundary disputes
+|-
-Vikriyasampradana – Non-delivery of sold articles
+|10
+|Svami-pala-vivada
-Sambhuya-samutthana – Joint stock companies
+|Disputes of the keepers
+|-
-Steya - Theft
+|11
+|Svami-vikraya
-Stri-samgrahana – Adultery, seduction
+|Unlawful sale of articles
+|-
-Prakirna - Miscellaneous
+|12
 === तृतीयाध्याय: प्रायश्चितम्॥ Third Adhyaya: Prayashchitta  ===
-(6 Prakaranas – 334 verses)
+The third chapter of the Yajnavalkya Smrti has 6 Prakaranas or sections with 334 verses.
+{| class="wikitable"
-Aashaucha - On cremation and burial
+!Prakarana
+!Title
-Aapad-dharma - Rules of conduct in distress
+!Topic
+|-
-Vanaprastha-dharma – Regulations relating to Vanaprastha
+|1
+|Aashaucha
-Yati-dharma – Duties of a person who has renounced the world
+|On cremation and burial
+|-
-Prayashchitta - Sins and expiations
+|2
+|Aapad-dharma
-Prakirnaka-prayashchittani – Miscellaneous Expiatory rites
+|Rules of conduct in distress
 == उपसंहार: ॥ Conclusion ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Vedanga is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the four Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—Shiksha (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), Chandas (the science of prosody), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), Jyotish (astronomy) and Kalpa (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, Shrautasutra, Grihyasutra, Dharmasutra and Shulvasutra. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the Dharmashastra or Smrti literature in later years. The Trimuni of Indian Nyaya (Law and Order) are: Narada, Brihaspati and Katyayana.{{Citation needed}}
+Vedanga is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the four Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—Shiksha (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), Chandas (the science of prosody), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), Jyotish (astronomy) and Kalpa (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, Shrautasutra, Grihyasutra, Dharmasutra and Shulvasutra. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the Dharmashastra or Smrti literature in later years. The Trimuni of Indian Nyaya (Law and Order) are: Narada, Brihaspati and Katyayana.<ref>Uma Sankara Sarma 'Rsi' (2004), Samskrta Sahitya ka Itihasa, Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy</ref>
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Krishna Dvaipayana Vedavyasa had taught the four Vedas to his four students: Rgveda to Paila, Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, Samaveda to Jaimini and Atharvaveda to Sumantu. Vaishampayana also taught it to his students but once Yajnavalkya incurred the wrath of his Guru and was expelled by him, after surrendering the Yajurveda to him. Later he pleased Surya and got a new lyrical Veda, which came to be known as the Shukla Yajurveda or Vajasaneyi Samhita.
-In the scholarly debates on Brahman arranged by the king Janaka Vaideha, he emerged as the best and the most brilliant of all the scholarly Rishis, as recorded in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Chapter Three).{{Citation needed}} He taught spiritual wisdom to his first wife Maitreyi who was a seeker of truth and his second wife was Katyayani.
+In the scholarly debates on Brahman arranged by the king Janaka Vaideha, he emerged as the best and the most brilliant of all the scholarly Rishis, as recorded in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Chapter Three).<ref>Swami Devarupananda (2003), Mantrapushpam, Mumbai: Ramakrishna Math.</ref> He taught spiritual wisdom to his first wife Maitreyi who was a seeker of truth and his second wife was Katyayani.
-Two more works are attributed to him: Yoga-yajnavalkya and Yajnavalkya Smrti. Yajnavalkya Smrti is a well-known Smrti belonging to the classical Dharmashastra literature. It is said to be a composition of the famous sage Yajnavalkya, the promulgator of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita. Its style and ideas seem to be close to this Veda. The present edition as available now was probably finalised by 700 CE, though the original might be placed between 100 BCE and 300 CE. Passages from it are found on inscriptions in every part of India dated in the tenth and eleventh centuries  (CE) and also in the Panchatantra.
+Two more works are attributed to him: Yoga-yajnavalkya and Yajnavalkya Smrti. Yajnavalkya Smrti is a well-known Smrti belonging to the Dharmashastra literature. It is said to be a composition of the famous sage Yajnavalkya, the promulgator of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita. Its style and ideas seem to be close to this Veda. The present edition as available now was probably finalised by 700 CE, though the original might be placed between 100 BCE and 300 CE. Passages from it are found on inscriptions in every part of India dated in the tenth and eleventh centuries  (CE) and also in the Panchatantra.
 == भाष्याणि ॥ Commentaries ==
-It has more than 1000 verses in the classical Anushtubh metre and has five standard commentaries:
+It has more than 1000 verses in the Anushtubh metre and has five standard commentaries:
 * Dharma-shastra-nibandha by Apararka (1200 CE)
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 == अध्यायसारः  ॥ Chapter Contents ==
-Rishi Yajnavalkya's institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of Manu. Its contents<ref>Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:
+Rishi Yajnavalkya's institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of Manu. Its contents<ref name=":1">Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:
 === प्रथमाध्याय: आचार: ॥ First Adhyaya: Achara ===
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 |2
 |Brahmachari
-|The duties of Religious Student
+|The duties of Student
 |-
 |3
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 |7
 |Bhakshya-abhakshya
-|Articles to be avoided
+|Food articles to be avoided
 |-
 |8
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 Dattapradanika – Non-delivery or resumption of gifts
-Kritanushaya
+Krita-anushaya
 Abhyupetyashyshrusha – Breach of contract or engagement between master and servant
@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 == उपसंहार: ॥ Conclusion ==
-The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन् । वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत: ॥{{Citation needed}} yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan । varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do thou describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), ashramas (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>
+The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन् । वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत: ॥<ref name=":1" /> yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan । varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do you describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), ashramas (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>
-It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम् । एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे ॥{{Citation needed}} śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam । evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve ॥</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a Horse-Sacrifice. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />
+It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम् । एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे ॥<ref name=":1" /> śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam । evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve ॥</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a Horse-Sacrifice. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />
 Thus, Yajnavalkya Smrti provides a thorough and chronological insight into the then societal fabric along with its local customs, law and order and expiation traditions.
 == References ==

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Rishi Yajnavalkya's institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of Manu. Its contents<ref>Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:
-=== प्रथमाध्याय: आचार: ॥ '''First Adhyaya: Achara'''  ===
+=== प्रथमाध्याय: आचार: ॥ First Adhyaya: Achara ===
-'''(13 Prakaranas – 368 verses)'''
+(13 Prakaranas – 368 verses)
 {| class="wikitable"
 !Prakarana
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 |}
-=== द्वितीयाध्याय: व्यवहार: ॥ '''Second Adhyaya: Vyavahara'''  ===
+=== द्वितीयाध्याय: व्यवहार: ॥ Second Adhyaya: Vyavahara ===
-'''(25 Prakaranas – 307 verses)'''
+(25 Prakaranas – 307 verses)
 Sadharana-vyavahara-matrika – Laws and regulations in general
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 Prakirna - Miscellaneous
-=== '''तृतीयाध्याय: प्रायश्चितम्॥ Third Adhyaya: Prayashchitta (6 Prakaranas – 334 verses)''' ===
+=== तृतीयाध्याय: प्रायश्चितम्॥ Third Adhyaya: Prayashchitta  ===
 Aashaucha - On cremation and burial
@@ Line 149: / Line 151: @@
 == उपसंहार: ॥ Conclusion ==
-The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन्/ वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत:// yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan/ varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah//</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do thou describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), ashramas (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>
+The text begins with:<blockquote>योगीश्वरं याज्ञवल्क्यं संपूज्य मुनयोsब्रुवन् । वर्णाश्रमेतराणां नो ब्रूहि धर्मानशेषत: ॥{{Citation needed}} yogīśvaraṃ yājñavalkyaṃ saṃpūjya munayo'bruvan । varṇāśrametarāṇāṃ no brūhi dharmān aśeṣatah ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Having adored Yajnavalkya, the lord of Yogins (ascetics), the Munis (anchorites) said: “Do thou describe unto us in full, the religious rites of Varnas (four castes), ashramas (four orders), and (those of) other inferior castes.”<ref name=":0">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1906), Yajnawalkya Samhita, Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref>
-It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम्/ एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे// śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam/ evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve//</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a Horse-Sacrifice. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />
+It concludes with:<blockquote>श्रुत्वैतद् याज्ञवाल्क्योsपि प्रीतात्मा मुनि-भाषितम् । एवमस्त्विति होवाच नमस्कृत्य स्वयंभुवे ॥{{Citation needed}} śrutvaitad yājñavālkyo'pi prītātmā muni-bhāṣitam । evam astviti hovāca namaskṛtya svayaṃbhuve ॥</blockquote>Meaning: He, who will make the twice-born listen to it on every Parva-day, will reap the fruits of a Horse-Sacrifice. Do thou accede to this our request. Hearing the speech of the ascetics and being delighted, Yajnavalkya, too, saluting the Self-sprung Brahma, said “so be it.”<ref name=":0" />
 Thus, Yajnavalkya Smrti provides a thorough and chronological insight into the then societal fabric along with its local customs, law and order and expiation traditions.
 == References ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Vedanga is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—Shiksha (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), Chandas (the science of prosody), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), Jyotish (astronomy) and Kalpa (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, Shrautasutra, Grihyasutra, Dharmasutra and Shulvasutra. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the Dharmashastra or Smrti literature in later years. The Trimuni of Indian Nyaya (Law and Order) are: Narada, Brihaspati and Katyayana.
+Vedanga is a class of works regarded as auxiliary to the four Vedas and designed to aid in the correct pronunciation and interpretation of the text and the right employment of the Mantras in ceremonials. The Vedangas are six in number—Shiksha (the science of proper articulation and pronunciation), Chandas (the science of prosody), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological explanation of difficult Vedic words), Jyotish (astronomy) and Kalpa (ritual or ceremonial)<ref>V S Apte (2000), The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: MLBD</ref>. This Kalpasutra is fourfold namely, Shrautasutra, Grihyasutra, Dharmasutra and Shulvasutra. This Dharmasutra containing the Do's and Dont's of the social life got enlarged as the Dharmashastra or Smrti literature in later years. The Trimuni of Indian Nyaya (Law and Order) are: Narada, Brihaspati and Katyayana.
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 His institutes are regarded as second in importance to those of Manu. Its contents<ref>Narayana Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (1985), Yajnavalkyasmrti, Delhi: Nag Publishers</ref> may be briefly described as follows:
-=== '''First Adhyaya: Achara (13 Prakaranas – 368 verses)''' ===
+=== प्रथमाध्याय: आचार: ॥ '''First Adhyaya: Achara (13 Prakaranas – 368 verses)''' ===
 Upoddhata - Introduction
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Raja-dharma – The characteristics and duties of a King
-=== '''Second Adhyaya: Vyavahara (25 Prakaranas – 307 verses)''' ===
+=== द्वितीयाध्याय: व्यवहार: ॥ '''Second Adhyaya: Vyavahara (25 Prakaranas – 307 verses)''' ===
 Sadharana-vyavahara-matrika – Laws and regulations in general
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 Prakirna - Miscellaneous
-=== '''Third Adhyaya: Prayashchitta (6 Prakaranas – 334 verses)''' ===
+=== '''तृतीयाध्याय: प्रायश्चितम्॥ Third Adhyaya: Prayashchitta (6 Prakaranas – 334 verses)''' ===
 Aashaucha - On cremation and burial