Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः) - Revision history

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Function of shukra dhatu

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Shukra Dhatu is one of the body tissues as per Ayurveda. It is the 7th dhatu in Shariram according to Ayurveda. Since it is developed at the end of dhatu development and nourishment pathway it is called as 7th or the last dhatu. Shukra literally means semen, sperm, clear, lucid, white or spotless. Thus the dhatu which is generated at the end of rigorous metabolic transformations occurring during development of all 7 dhatus and therefore it is more clear or spotless.

== Etymology and definition ==
Shukra dhatu is described to be of two forms in Ayurveda textbooks:

The one that is ejaculated during the process of mating, which is responsible for fertilization of ovum and thus embryogenesis. This is semen in males.

The one that is formed from predecessor the tissue that fills the bony cavities(majja dhatu). This in turn circulates all over the body both in males and females.

क्ली, (शुच क्लेदे + “ऋज्रे न्द्राग्रवज्रेति ।” उणा० २ । २८ । इति रन्प्रत्ययेन साधु ।) मज्जजातधातुः । तत्पर्य्यायः । पुंस्त्वम् २ रेतः ३ बीजम् ४ वीर्य्यम् ५ पौरुषम् ६ तेजः ७ इन्द्रि-यम् ८ अन्नविकारः ९ मज्जारसः १० रोह-णम् ११ बलम् १२ । इति राजनिर्घ ण्टः ॥

== Formation of shukra dhatu ==
During metabolism, the unctuous part of predecessor majja dhatu is transformed into shukra dhatu. The marrow is present in bones. Minute pores are created by the action of vayu and akasha mahabhuta on bones. The shukra dhatu oozes out from these minute pores after action of factors responsible for the metabolism of shukra dhatu (shukra dhatu agni). This process is like water oozing out of new mud pot, shukra also oozes out of these pores. It is then circulated all over the body through channels of transportation of shukra dhatu(shukravahasrotas).[Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/32-33] Thus, shukra dhatu is present all over body.

The second form is present in testicles (vrushana). After maturation, at the time of sexual excitation or urge of ejaculation (vega), the semen (shukra) is discharged through urethra. This process happens just like ghee is melted by heat. [Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/34-35].

== Location of Shukra Dhatu ==
The Channels of transportation and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas) has its roots in testicles and penis. [Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 5/8] Sushruta opines that they originate from breast and testicles. There are two vessels to carry Shukra dhatu. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12] There are various other anatomical structures related to shukra dhatu. These can be included in the transport and transformation system of shukra dhatu (shukravaha srotas).

The structures are as described below:

Layer of shukra (shukradhara kala):

Kala is the layer in outer coverings of the body observed in sagittal section. The layer of shukra is the innermost layer that is present in the entire body. Shukra dhatu is distributed all over the body in the same manner that the fat in the milk and juice in the sugar cane plant are distributed. [Cha Sa Chikitsa Sthana 2/46],[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/20]

== Panchabhoutiktwa, of Shukra dhatu ==
Shukra is constituted by four elements-vayu, agni, prithvi and jala(four mahabhuta) in equal proportion. It is originated from six basic tastes. [Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/4]

== Qualities of best shukra ==
The pure virile semen (shukra)is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila), sweet (madhura). It does not cause a burning sensation in genital tract (avidahi). It looks like white crystal quartz (shukla).[Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/146]

== Shukra sarata lakshanas ==
The persons endowed with the essence of shukra dhatu are gentle (saumya), having charming appearance (saumyaprekshina), beautiful eyes as if filled with milk (kshirapurnalochana) and immensely exhilarated (praharshabahula). Their teeth are unctuous, rounded, firm, even and compact. They have prominent buttocks (large pelvic girdle). They have pleasant, unctuous complexion and voice. They are brilliant. They are liked by women for enjoyment, are strong and endowed with happiness, leisure, health, wealth, honor, and progeny. [Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/109]

== Upadhatu of Shukra dhatu ==
Ojas is considered as the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5] Other scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all dhatu, there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.

== Mala of Shukra dhatu ==
scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all dhatu, there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.

== Function of shukra dhatu ==
Shukra bestows courage, ejaculation, lust, strength of the body, pleasure, love, and affection. The main function of shukra is reproduction and embryogenesis. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]

== Causes of vitiation ==
Causes of vitiation

The following are the causative factors for the vitiation of channels for transport and transformation of shukra dhatu.[Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 5/19]

Dietary causes

Consumption of incompatible food, excessive consumption of dry, bitter, astringent, salty, sour, hot food.

Psychological causes

Anxiety, distress, distrust, apprehension, rage, exorcism.

Causes related to coitus

Excess intercourse, untimely coitus, coitus other than in vagina, or complete abstinence from it(suppression of discharge of semen), unaware of female desire, untimely ejaculation etc.

Other causes

Excess exercise, senility, improper usage of surgical instruments, alkali (kshara), heat or cautery (agni), emaciation due to other diseases, repression of natural urges, injury, morbidity causing vitiation of dhatus, doshas individually or collectively reaching reproductive system (retovahasrotas) leads to acute disorders of the shukra (semen). [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/139]

== Importance of Shukra dhatu in preservation of health and wellness ==
Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) produces lineage of progeny, quick sexual stimulation, enables one to perform sexual act with the women uninterruptedly and promote corpulence and infallible and indestructible semen. [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/9-10] This is one of the most important measures to promote sexual health and prevent diseases.

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ==
-The term shukra (शुक्रम्) originates from the root word "शुच क्लेदे + “ऋज्रे न्द्राग्रवज्रेति ।”
+The term shukra (शुक्रम्) originates from the root word "शुच क्लेदे + “ऋज्रे न्द्राग्रवज्रेति ।”<ref>Shabdakalpadruma ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE See Shukra]) </ref>
 In Ayurveda literature, 2 dimensions of shukra dhatu are be found to be mentioned. One form of it is Shukra dhatu which is ejaculated at the end of mating and is responsible for conception. The other form of shukra dhatu refers to the body tissue that is present in every part of shariram (शरीरम् physical body) and controls the rebuilding of body tissues, new cell/tissue generation and overall development.<ref name=":0">Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 26)</ref> Thus the dhatu which controls the function of reproduction of any form in the body is called as shukra dhatu.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 16 August 2021
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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />
		+	[[Category:Ayurveda]]

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 Those who have supreme quality of Shukra dhatu in a body are identified by some characteristic features. These features are called as Shukra-sarata features (शुक्रसारता लक्षणानि). These features are manifested on various organs and body parts which reflect beauty and external appearance of a person e.g skin, eyes, teeth. Thus one can identify the quality of Shukra dhatu by assessing presence or absence of following signs in body.<blockquote>सौम्याः सौम्यप्रेक्षिणः क्षीरपूर्णलोचना इव प्रहर्षबहुलाः स्निग्धवृत्तसारसमसंहतशिखरदशनाः प्रसन्नस्निग्धवर्णस्वरा भ्राजिष्णवो महास्फिचश्च शुक्रसाराः|</blockquote><blockquote>ते स्त्रीप्रियोपभोगा बलवन्तः सुखैश्वर्यारोग्यवित्तसम्मानापत्यभाजश्च भवन्ति|| (Char. Samh 8.109) <ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 109)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>saumyāḥ saumyaprekṣiṇaḥ kṣīrapūrṇalocanā iva praharṣabahulāḥ snigdhavr̥ttasārasamasaṁhataśikharadaśanāḥ prasannasnigdhavarṇasvarā bhrājiṣṇavo mahāsphicaśca śukrasārāḥ|</blockquote><blockquote>te strīpriyopabhogā balavantaḥ sukhaiśvaryārogyavittasammānāpatyabhājaśca bhavanti|| (Char. Samh 8.109)</blockquote>Meaning: The persons endowed with the essence of shukra dhatu are gentle (saumya), having charming yet decent appearance (saumyaprekshina), beautiful eyes as if filled with milk (kshirapurnalochana) and immensely exhilarated (praharshabahula). Their teeth are unctuous, rounded, firm, even and compact. They have prominent buttocks (large pelvic girdle). They have pleasant, unctuous complexion and voice. They are brilliant. They are liked by women for enjoyment, are strong and endowed with happiness, leisure, health, wealth, honor, and progeny.<ref>Available from Charakasamhitaonline.com</ref>
-== Function of shukra dhatu ==
+== शुक्रधातुकार्यम् ॥ Function of shukra dhatu ==
 Reproduction is the prime function of Shukra dhatu. <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 11 Sutra 4)</ref> In Ayurveda this function is called as Garbhotpadanam (गर्भोत्पादनम्, Garbha (गर्भः)- Embryo; Utpadanam (उत्पादनम्)-generation). Thus, irrespective of the gender, Shukra dhatu present in the body is responsible for the function of reproduction. Apart from that, it also impacts the various psycho-somatic attributes like courage, lust, strength, pleasure, love and affection.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 5)</ref> It is closely related with human emotions and [[Manas (मनः)|manas (मनस् mind)]].
-== Causes of vitiation ==
+== शुक्रदुष्टिहेतवः ॥ Causes of vitiation ==
 Shukra dhatu can get vitiated by various dietary and lifestyle factors. Acharya Charaka has listed such factors under the causes vitiating Shukravaha srotas (शुक्रवह स्रोतसम्) i.e. channels for transport and transformation of shukra dhatu.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 19)</ref><ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 30 Sutram 135-139)</ref>  The causes are listed below,
-=== Dietary causes ===
+=== आहार हेतवः ॥ Dietary causes ===
 * Consumption of incompatible food
 * Excessive consumption of dry, bitter, astringent, salty, sour and hot (energy or heat generating) food.
-=== Emotional and psychological causes ===
+=== मानसहेतवः ॥Emotional and psychological causes ===
 * Excess stress
 * Grief
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 * lack of relaxation, confidence, intimacy/familiarity
-=== Lifestyle causes ===
+=== विहारहेतवः ॥ Lifestyle causes ===
 * Excess indulgence in intercourse
 * Untimely coitus, coitus other than in vagina, or
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 All these causes lead to vitiation of shukra as well as the channels that transport and transform Shukra dhatu.
-== Importance of Shukra dhatu in preservation of health and wellness ==
+== शुक्रधातोः स्वस्थ्यरक्षणे प्राधान्यम् ॥Importance of Shukra dhatu in preservation of health and wellness ==
 Shukra dhatu being the essence of all 7 dhatus has significant role in maintaining the overall strength of the individual. Vigour and vitality are the other 2 aspects closely related with the quality of Shukra in one's body. Moreover, Shukra plays the key role in the reproduction. Therefore in order to produce lineage of progeny, Shukra is the integral dhatu. The quality, health and wellbeing of the progeny depends upon the qualities of Shukra from which it is developed. Therefore health and wellbeing of not just that person but also his lineage rely largely on the Shukra dhatu of the individual. [[Vajikaran (वाजीकरणम्)|Vajikarana]] (वाजीकरणम्) therapies described as one of the 8 branches of Ayurveda deals with methods and ways to produce and maintain good quality of Shukra in one's body which provides basis for healthy progeny.
 == References ==
 <references />

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Shukra Dhatu is one of the 7 body tissues as per Ayurveda. It is the 7th dhatu in [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Sharira]] according to Ayurveda. Since it is developed last i.e. at the end of dhatu development and nourishment pathway, it is called as 7th or the last dhatu. Shukra literally means semen, sperm, clear, lucid, white or spotless. Since Shukra dhatu develops at the end of rigorous metabolic transformations occurring during development of all 7 dhatus it is more clear or spotless.
+Shukra Dhatu is one of the 7 body tissues as per Ayurveda. It is the 7th dhatu in [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Sharira]] according to Ayurveda. Since it is developed last i.e. at the end of dhatu development and nourishment pathway, it is called as 7th or the last dhatu. Shukra literally means semen, sperm, clear, lucid, white or spotless. Since Shukra dhatu passes through rigorous metabolic transformations occurring at every stage during development of all 7 dhatus and develops at the end of this pathway, it is more clear or spotless. Thus it is also called as purest dhatu from which [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]] also develops.
 == Etymology ==
 The term shukra originates from the root word "शुच क्लेदे + “ऋज्रे न्द्राग्रवज्रेति ।”
-In Ayurveda literature, 2 types of shukra dhatu can be found to be mentioned. One Shukra dhatu is that which is ejaculated at the end of mating and which is responsible for conception. The other form of shukra dhatu is also mentioned in treatises, which refers to the body tissue that is present in every part of shariram (physical body) and controls the rebuilding of body tissues, new cell/tissue generation and overall development.<ref name=":0">Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 26)</ref> Thus the dhatu which controls the function of reproduction in the body is called as shukra dhatu.
+In Ayurveda literature, 2 dimensions of shukra dhatu are be found to be mentioned. One form of it is Shukra dhatu which is ejaculated at the end of mating and is responsible for conception. The other form of shukra dhatu refers to the body tissue that is present in every part of shariram (physical body) and controls the rebuilding of body tissues, new cell/tissue generation and overall development.<ref name=":0">Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 26)</ref> Thus the dhatu which controls the function of reproduction of any form in the body is called as shukra dhatu.
 == Location of Shukra Dhatu ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 सर्वदेहगतं शुक्रं प्रवदन्ति मनीषिणः| (Char. Samh. 15.26)<ref name=":0" />
-There are some other body parts which are specifically mentioned to be the related to Shukra dhatu. Those are Vrishana (testicles), Medhra (Penis),<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 8)</ref> Stana (Breasts)<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 9 Sutram 12)</ref>. Also, vessels carrying shukra dhatu have also been mentioned to be associated with transportation of shukra.
+In spite of that, there are some body parts which are specifically mentioned to be the related to Shukra dhatu. Those are Vrishana (testicles), Medhra (Penis),<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 8)</ref> Stana (Breasts)<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 9 Sutram 12)</ref>. Also, vessels carrying shukra dhatu have also been mentioned to be associated with transportation of shukra.
 == Formation of shukra dhatu ==
-Shukra dhatu is formed from 'Majja dhatu'(धातु). When Majja dhatu is subjected to the process of micro-transformation (सूक्ष्मपचनम्), one processed part of it is specifically utilized to provide nourishment to the next dhatu in order i.e. Shukra Dhatu (रक्त धातु). This part is responsible for development and nourishment of Shukra dhatu in body. Transformation of unctuous part of predecessor majja into Shukra happens through a specific process. It is stated that, the asthi dhatu develops porosity due to action of vayu and akasha mahabhutas. The unctuous part of majja dhatu present inside this porous asthi dhatu oozes out of these pores and reaches all parts of the body through channels of transportation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas). This unctuous part is called as shukra. After puberty, at the time of sexual excitation or urge of ejaculation (vega), the semen (shukra) reaches to basti from all over the body and then is discharged through urethra. This process happens just like ghee is melted by heat.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 33-35)</ref>
+Shukra dhatu is formed from 'Majja dhatu'(धातु). When Majja dhatu is subjected to the process of micro-transformation (सूक्ष्मपचनम्), one processed part of it is specifically utilized to provide nourishment to the next dhatu in order i.e. Shukra Dhatu (रक्त धातु). This part is responsible for development and nourishment of Shukra dhatu in body. Transformation of unctuous part of predecessor majja into Shukra happens through a specific process. It is stated that, the asthi dhatu develops porosity due to action of vayu and akasha mahabhutas. The unctuous part of majja dhatu present inside this porous asthi dhatu oozes out of these pores and reaches all parts of the body through channels of transportation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas). This unctuous part is known as shukra. After puberty, at the time of sexual excitation or urge of ejaculation (vega), the shukra reaches to basti from all over the body and then it is discharged through urethra. This process happens just like ghee is melted by heat.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 33-35)</ref>
 == Upadhatu of Shukra dhatu ==
-Ojas is considered as the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5] Other scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all dhatu, there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.
+Shukra dhatu when subjected to the process of micro-transformation (सूक्ष्मपचनम्), it generates 1 entity which is known as Upadhatus (उपधातु | metabolic by-products which function as body tissues) of Shukra dhatu. As per Acharya Sharangadhara [[Ojas (ओजः)|Ojas]] is the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.<ref>Sharangadhara Samhita (Purvakhanda Adhyaya 5)</ref> However, all acharyas do not agree to this. Some are of the opinion that since Shukra develops as essence of all dhatus there is no metabolic byproduct of it.
 == Mala of Shukra dhatu ==
-scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all dhatu, there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.
+Ayurveda acharyas have opined that Shukra being the purest form of dhatu generated at the end of dhatu nourishment and development pathway, there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation. Thus Shukra is devoid of mala.
 == Qualities of best shukra ==
-The best qualities of Shukra dhatu which is ejaculated out during the process of mating plays the key role in reproduction. Certain qualities of shukra which are helpful in reproduction are known to be best qualities of shukra. The Shukra which is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila), sweet (madhura) and looks like white crystal quartz is considered to be a good quality shukra. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 30 Sutram 40)</ref>
+The best qualities of Shukra dhatu which is ejaculated out during the process of mating plays the key role in reproduction. Certain qualities of shukra which are helpful in reproduction are known to be best qualities of shukra. The Shukra which is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila) in texture, sweet (madhura) in nature (soothing, cool, contains fructose) and looks like white crystal quartz is considered to be a good quality shukra.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 30 Sutram 40)</ref>
 == Panchabhoutiktwa of Shukra dhatu ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 == Shukra sarata lakshanas ==
-The persons endowed with the essence of shukra dhatu are gentle (saumya), having charming appearance (saumyaprekshina), beautiful eyes as if filled with milk (kshirapurnalochana) and immensely exhilarated (praharshabahula). Their teeth are unctuous, rounded, firm, even and compact. They have prominent buttocks (large pelvic girdle). They have pleasant, unctuous complexion and voice. They are brilliant. They are liked by women for enjoyment, are strong and endowed with happiness, leisure, health, wealth, honor, and progeny. [Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/109]
+Those who have supreme quality of Shukra dhatu in a body are identified by some characteristic features. These features are called as Shukra-sarata features ( लक्षणानि). These features are manifested on various organs and body parts which reflect beauty and external appearance of a person e.g skin, eyes, teeth. Thus one can identify the quality of Shukra dhatu by assessing presence or absence of following signs in body.
 == Function of shukra dhatu ==
-Shukra bestows courage, ejaculation, lust, strength of the body, pleasure, love, and affection. The main function of shukra is reproduction and embryogenesis. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]
+Reproduction is the prime function of Shukra dhatu. <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 11 Sutra 4)</ref> In Ayurveda this function is called as Garbhotpadanam (Garbha- Embryo; Utpadanam-generation). Thus, irrespective of the gender, Shukra dhatu present in the body is responsible for the function of reproduction. Apart from that, it also impacts the various psycho-somatic attributes like courage, lust, strength, pleasure, love and affection.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutram 5)</ref> It is closely related with human emotions and [[Manas (मनः)|manas (mind)]].
 == Causes of vitiation ==
@@ Line 57: / Line 63: @@
 == Importance of Shukra dhatu in preservation of health and wellness ==
 Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) produces lineage of progeny, quick sexual stimulation, enables one to perform sexual act with the women uninterruptedly and promote corpulence and infallible and indestructible semen. [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/9-10] This is one of the most important measures to promote sexual health and prevent diseases.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Shukra Dhatu is one of the body tissues as per Ayurveda. It is the 7th dhatu in Shariram according to Ayurveda. Since it is developed at the end of dhatu development and nourishment pathway it is called as 7th or the last dhatu. Shukra literally means semen, sperm, clear, lucid, white or spotless. Thus the dhatu which is generated at the end of rigorous metabolic transformations occurring during development of all 7 dhatus and therefore it is more clear or spotless.
+Shukra Dhatu is one of the 7 body tissues as per Ayurveda. It is the 7th dhatu in [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Sharira]] according to Ayurveda. Since it is developed last i.e. at the end of dhatu development and nourishment pathway, it is called as 7th or the last dhatu. Shukra literally means semen, sperm, clear, lucid, white or spotless. Since Shukra dhatu develops at the end of rigorous metabolic transformations occurring during development of all 7 dhatus it is more clear or spotless.
 == Etymology and definition ==
-Shukra dhatu is described to be of two forms in Ayurveda textbooks:
+The term shukra originates from the root word "शुच क्लेदे + “ऋज्रे न्द्राग्रवज्रेति ।”
-The one that is ejaculated during the process of mating, which is responsible for fertilization of ovum and thus embryogenesis. This is semen in males.
+In Ayurveda literature, 2 types of shukra dhatu can be found to be mentioned. One Shukra dhatu is that which is ejaculated at the end of mating and which is responsible for conception. The other form of shukra dhatu is also mentioned in treatises, which refers to the body tissue that is present in every part of shariram (physical body) and controls the rebuilding of body tissues, new cell/tissue generation and overall development. Thus the dhatu which controls the function of reproduction in the body is called as shukra dhatu.
 == Formation of shukra dhatu ==