Shraddha (श्राद्धम्) - Revision history

Fordharma: Text replacement - "Yama (यमः)" to "Yama Deva (यमदेवः)"

2021-08-05T01:58:47Z

Text replacement - "Yama (यमः)" to "Yama Deva (यमदेवः)"

Ckanak93: /* श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana */ Added reference

2020-05-07T10:50:14Z

श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana: Added reference

Ckanak93: /* श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha */ Adding content with reference and editing

2020-05-07T07:55:28Z

श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha: Adding content with reference and editing

Ckanak93: /* श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha */ Adding content with reference and editing

2020-05-06T18:28:50Z

श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha: Adding content with reference and editing

Ckanak93: /* श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana */ Adding content

2020-05-05T18:29:12Z

श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana: Adding content

Ckanak93: /* श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha */ Adding content

2020-02-20T12:59:45Z

श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha: Adding content

Ckanak93: /* श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha */ Adding content with reference - to be edited

2020-02-20T12:52:57Z

श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha: Adding content with reference - to be edited

Ckanak93: Replaced non-translatables

2019-04-09T06:02:07Z

Replaced non-translatables

Show changes

Fordharma at 08:00, 17 December 2018

2018-12-17T08:00:41Z

Ckanak93: Edited translation and citation

2018-11-19T08:25:43Z

Edited translation and citation

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 * Having presented to them Arghya with sesame and blades of kusha grass, one should offer oblations in the sacred fire with the brahmanas called for the shraddha, after having taken permission from everyone. (Manu Smrt. 3.210).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>येषामुदकमानीय सपवित्रांस्तिलानपि । अग्नौ कुर्यादनुज्ञातो ब्राह्मणो ब्राह्मणैः सह || ३.२१० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yeṣāmudakamānīya sapavitrāṁstilānapi । agnau kuryādanujñāto brāhmaṇo brāhmaṇaiḥ saha || 3.210 ||</blockquote>
-* One should first, please [[Agni (अग्निः)|Agni]], [[Soma (सोमः)|Soma]] and [[Yama (यमः)|Yama]] with oblations, afterwards one should satisfy the forefathers by offering of food. But if no sacred fire is available, one shall place the three offerings into the hand of a brahmana; for brahmanas are considered a form of Agni. Also, Pitru karma (पितृकर्म) must not be made in laukika agni (लौकिक-अग्निः) and an Agnihotri (brahmana who keeps a sacred fire) may perform shraddha only on the new-moon day. (Manu Smrt. 3.211, 212 and 282).<ref name=":1" />
+* One should first, please [[Agni (अग्निः)|Agni]], [[Soma (सोमः)|Soma]] and [[Yama Deva (यमदेवः)|Yama]] with oblations, afterwards one should satisfy the forefathers by offering of food. But if no sacred fire is available, one shall place the three offerings into the hand of a brahmana; for brahmanas are considered a form of Agni. Also, Pitru karma (पितृकर्म) must not be made in laukika agni (लौकिक-अग्निः) and an Agnihotri (brahmana who keeps a sacred fire) may perform shraddha only on the new-moon day. (Manu Smrt. 3.211, 212 and 282).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>अग्नेः सोमयमाभ्यां च कृत्वाप्यायनमादितः । हविर्दानेन विधिवत्पश्चात्संतर्पयेत्पितॄन् || ३.२११ ||</blockquote><blockquote>अग्न्यभावे तु विप्रस्य पाणावेवोपपादयेत् । यो ह्यग्निः स द्विजो विप्रैर्मन्त्रदर्शिभिरुच्यते || ३.२१२ ||</blockquote><blockquote>न पैतृयज्ञियो होमो लौकिकेऽग्नौ विधीयते । न दर्शेन विना श्राद्धमाहिताग्नेर्द्विजन्मनः || ३.२८२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>agneḥ somayamābhyāṁ ca kr̥tvāpyāyanaṁ āditaḥ । havirdānena vidhivatpaścātsaṁtarpayetpitr̥̄n || 3.211 ||</blockquote><blockquote>agnyabhāve tu viprasya pāṇāvevopapādayet । yo hyagniḥ sa dvijo viprairmantradarśibhirucyate || 3.212 ||</blockquote><blockquote>na paitr̥yajñiyo homo laukike'gnau vidhīyate । na darśena vinā śrāddhaṁ āhitāgnerdvijanmanaḥ || 3.282 ||</blockquote>
 * After giving the two oblations in the fire for the forefathers and other ceremonies in such a manner that they end in the south, one should sprinkle water with his right hand on the spot where the pindas are to be placed. Then having made three portions out of the remainder of that food offering, one must, concentrating his mind and turning towards the south, place them on Kusha grass exactly in the same manner in which water was poured. (Manu Smrt. 3.214 and 215)<ref name=":1" />

@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 * It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the deities, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of yajna destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>
-* The Bhagavata Purana (Skandha 7, Adhyaya 15) also makes it clear that one should not make very elaborate arrangements to perform the Shraddha to one's forefathers. Distributing Bhagavata-prasada to all of one's forefathers and relatives is considered the best process for the Shraddha ceremony.
+* The Bhagavata Purana (Skandha 7, Adhyaya 15) also makes it clear that one should not make very elaborate arrangements to perform the Shraddha to one's forefathers. Distributing Bhagavata-prasada to all of one's forefathers and relatives is considered the best process for the Shraddha ceremony.<ref>A.C.Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Srimad Bhagavatam (Seventh Canto), [http://prabhupadabooks.com/pdf/SB7.3.pdf Part 3-Chapters 10-15], 1976: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.</ref>
 * Therefore, one must feed atleast one brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the shraddha, which is a part of the five great yajnas (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 * If one is unable to offer a shraddha every month, according to the rules given above, one may do it thrice a year - in winter, in summer and in the rainy season. However, the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]] have to be performed every day (Manu Smrt. 3.281).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>अनेन विधिना श्राद्धं त्रिरब्दस्येह निर्वपेत् । हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षासु पाञ्चयज्ञिकमन्वहम् || ३.२८१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>anena vidhinā śrāddhaṁ trirabdasyeha nirvapet । hemantagrīṣmavarṣāsu pāñcayajñikamanvaham || 3.281 ||</blockquote>In the 14th Adhyaya of the 7th Skandha of the Bhagavata Purana, Yudhisthira asks Maharshi Narada who explains to him the course of conduct by which a householder will attain moksha without difficulty. Accordingly, the text mentions that
-* If sufficiently rich, a dvija (brahmana, kshatriya and vaishya) should perform according to his means, the shraddha ie. Mahalaya in honour of his departed parents as well as their kinsmen and others, in the dark half of bhadrapada.<ref>Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, P.no.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n109/mode/2up 979-984].</ref>
+* If sufficiently rich, a dvija (brahmana, kshatriya and vaishya) should perform according to his means, the shraddha ie. Mahalaya in honour of his departed parents as well as their kinsmen and others, in the dark half of bhadrapada.<ref name=":3">Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, P.no.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n109/mode/2up 979-984].</ref>
-<blockquote>कुर्याद् आपरपक्षीयं मासि प्रौष्ठपदे द्विजः ।  श्राद्धं पित्रोर्यथावित्तं तद्‍बन्धूनां च वित्तवान् ॥ १९ ॥<ref>Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA Adhyaya 14].</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>''kuryād āparapakṣīyaṁ māsi prauṣṭhapadē dvijaḥ । śrāddhaṁ pitrōryathāvittaṁ tad‍bandhūnāṁ ca vittavān ॥ 19 ॥''</blockquote>It also enumerates a few other days designated for the performance of shraddha as follows:
+<blockquote>कुर्याद् आपरपक्षीयं मासि प्रौष्ठपदे द्विजः ।  श्राद्धं पित्रोर्यथावित्तं तद्‍बन्धूनां च वित्तवान् ॥ १९ ॥<ref name=":4">Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA Adhyaya 14].</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>''kuryād āparapakṣīyaṁ māsi prauṣṭhapadē dvijaḥ । śrāddhaṁ pitrōryathāvittaṁ tad‍bandhūnāṁ ca vittavān ॥ 19 ॥''</blockquote>
-* the summer and winter solstices (ayanas)
+* It also enumerates a few other days designated for the performance of shraddha as follows (verses 20-23<ref name=":4" />):
-* the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (vishuva),
+# the summer and winter solstices (ayanas)
-* during the division of time called Vyatipata;
+# the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (vishuva)
-* on the day when a tithi ie. lunar day begins and ends between two sun-rises (technically known as dinakshaya);
+# during the division of time called Vyatipata (व्यतीपात:)
-* during the lunar and solar eclipses;
+# on the day when a tithi (lunar day) begins and ends between two sun-rises (technically known as dinakshaya)
-* on the 12th lunar day, and when the constellations known as Shravana, Dhanishtha and Shata-taraka are on the ascendance;
+# during the lunar and solar eclipses
-* on the 3rd day in the bright half of Vaishakha (ie. on Akshaya tritiya);
+# on the 12th lunar day, and when the constellations known as Shravana, Dhanishtha and Shata-taraka are on the ascendance
-* on the 9th lunar day in the bright half of Karttika (known as Akshaya navami);
+# on the 3rd day in the bright half of Vaishakha (ie. on Akshaya tritiya)
-* on the four Ashtakas (8th lunar day in the dark halves) during the seasons called Hemanta and Shishira (ie. on the 8th day in the dark half of the months of Margashirsha, Pausha, Magha and Phalguna);
+# on the 9th lunar day in the bright half of Karttika (known as Akshaya navami)
-* on the 7th day in the bright half of the month of Magha;
+# on the four Ashtakas (8th lunar day in the dark halves) during the seasons called Hemanta and Shishira (ie. on the 8th day in the dark half of the months of Margashirsha, Pausha, Magha and Phalguna)
-* on the full moon day when the constellation Magha is ascendant (which is in the month of Magha)
+# on the 7th day in the bright half of the month of Magha
-* on days when the constellation associated with the names of other (lunar) months are ascendant on a full moon day, or even when the moon rises one digit less than  the full on that day;
+# on the full moon day when the constellation Magha is ascendant (which is in the month of Magha)
-* on any 12th lunar day when the constellations Anuradha, Shravana and the three constellations beginning with the word Uttara (viz. Uttarashadha, Uttara Bhadrapada and Uttara Phalguni) are ascendant; or when the 11th lunar day (of any month) is associated with (any of) these three constellations;
+# on days when the constellation associated with the names of other (lunar) months are ascendant on a full moon day, or even when the moon rises one digit less than the full on that day
-* (and lastly) on any day when the constellation under which a person was born or the constellation called Shravana is ascendant. (20-23)
+# on any 12th lunar day when the constellations Anuradha, Shravana and the three constellations beginning with the word Uttara (viz. Uttarashadha, Uttara Bhadrapada and Uttara Phalguni) are ascendant; or when the 11th lunar day (of any month) is associated with (any of) these three constellations
-It also mentions that, Shraddhas should be performed when it is the time of the purificatory rites observed in the behalf of himself, his wife or children; as well as at the time of the cremation of a dead body or on the death anniversary of a person; and at the time of any other function like marriage. (26)
+# on any day when the constellation under which a person was born or the constellation called Shravana is ascendant.
+* It also mentions that, Shraddhas should be performed when it is the time of the purificatory rites observed in the behalf of himself, his wife or children; as well as at the time of the cremation of a dead body or on the death anniversary of a person; and at the time of any other function like marriage.<ref name=":3" />
-The text further mentions that by performing pious acts to the best of one's abilities on these days, the merits become most effectual and contribute to one's longevity. (24) While the performance of ablutions, muttering prayer or mantra (Japa), oblations to fire, observance of a sacred vow, worship of deities and brahmanas and gifts donated in the names of pitrs, deities, men and creatures on these specific days, bear everlasting fruit. (25)
+<blockquote>संस्कारकालो जायाया अपत्यस्यात्मनस्तथा । प्रेतसंस्था मृताहश्च कर्मण्यभ्युदये नृप ॥ २६ ॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''saṁskārakālō jāyāyā apatyasyātmanastathā । prētasaṁsthā mr̥tāhaśca karmaṇyabhyudayē nr̥pa ॥ 26 ॥''</blockquote>
 == श्राद्धहविः ॥ The Offerings of Shraddha ==
@@ Line 234: / Line 234: @@
 == श्राद्धफलम् ॥ The fruit of Shraddha ==
 * The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitru karma (the rite sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>प्रथिता प्रेतकृत्यैषा पित्र्यं नाम विधुक्षये । तस्मिन्युक्तस्यैति नित्यं प्रेतकृत्यैव लौकिकी ॥ ३.१२७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>prathitā pretakr̥tyaiṣā pitryaṁ nāma vidhukṣaye । tasminyuktasyaiti nityaṁ pretakr̥tyaiva laukikī ॥ 3.127 ॥</blockquote>
@@ Line 239: / Line 240: @@
 <blockquote>श्रोत्रियायैव देयानि हव्यकव्यानि दातृभिः । अर्हत्तमाय विप्राय तस्मै दत्तं महाफलम् ॥ ३.१२८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>एकैकमपि विद्वांसं दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । पुष्कलं फलमप्नोति नामन्त्रज्ञान्बहूनपि ॥ ३.१२९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यथेरिणे बीजमुप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथानृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दातॄन्प्रतिग्रहीतॄंश्च कुरुते फलभागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा विधिवत्प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.१४३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śrotriyāyaiva deyāni havyakavyāni dātr̥bhiḥ । arhattamāya viprāya tasmai dattaṁ mahāphalam ॥ 3.128 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaikamapi vidvāṁsaṁ daive pitrye ca bhojayet । puṣkalaṁ phalamapnoti nāmantrajñānbahūnapi ॥ 3.129 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatheriṇe bījamuptvā na vaptā labhate phalam । tathānr̥ce havirdattvā na dātā labhate phalam ॥ 3.142 ॥व्</blockquote><blockquote>dātr̥̄npratigrahītr̥̄ṁśca kurute phalabhāginaḥ । viduṣe dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā vidhivatpretya ceha ca ॥ 3.143 ॥</blockquote>
 * However, if no learned Brahmana is available, one may rather honour a friend than a learned enemy, for that bears no reward. (Manu Smrt. 3.144).<ref name=":1" />
-<blockquote>कामं श्राद्धेऽर्चयेन्मित्रं नाभिरूपमपि त्वरिम् । द्विषता हि हविर्भुक्तं भवति प्रेत्य निष्फलम् ॥ ३.१४४ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kāmaṁ śrāddhe'rcayenmitraṁ nābhirūpamapi tvarim । dviṣatā hi havirbhuktaṁ bhavati pretya niṣphalam ॥ 3.144 ॥</blockquote>
+<blockquote>कामं श्राद्धेऽर्चयेन्मित्रं नाभिरूपमपि त्वरिम् । द्विषता हि हविर्भुक्तं भवति प्रेत्य निष्फलम् ॥ ३.१४४ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kāmaṁ śrāddhe'rcayenmitraṁ nābhirūpamapi tvarim । dviṣatā hi havirbhuktaṁ bhavati pretya niṣphalam ॥ 3.144 ॥</blockquote>Further, the Bhagavata Purana (Skandha 7, Adhyaya 14) enlists days designated for the performance of shraddha and mentions that,
 == References ==

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 == श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha ==
 * The days of krshnapaksha beginning with the tenth until the new moon day, except the fourteenth day, are considered most pure for a funeral offering; none other is as pure (Manu Smrt. 3.276).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>कृष्णपक्षे दशम्यादौ वर्जयित्वा चतुर्दशीम् । श्राद्धे प्रशस्तास्तिथयो यथैता न तथेतराः || ३.२७६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kr̥ṣṇapakṣe daśamyādau varjayitvā caturdaśīm । śrāddhe praśastāstithayo yathaitā na tathetarāḥ || 3.276 ||</blockquote>
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 <blockquote>रात्रौ श्राद्धं न कुर्वीत राक्षसी कीर्तिता हि सा । सन्ध्ययोरुभयोश्चैव सूर्ये चैवाचिरोदिते || ३.२८० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>rātrau śrāddhaṁ na kurvīta rākṣasī kīrtitā hi sā । sandhyayorubhayoścaiva sūrye caivācirodite || 3.280 ||</blockquote>
 * If one is unable to offer a shraddha every month, according to the rules given above, one may do it thrice a year - in winter, in summer and in the rainy season. However, the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]] have to be performed every day (Manu Smrt. 3.281).<ref name=":1" />
-<blockquote>अनेन विधिना श्राद्धं त्रिरब्दस्येह निर्वपेत् । हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षासु पाञ्चयज्ञिकमन्वहम् || ३.२८१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>anena vidhinā śrāddhaṁ trirabdasyeha nirvapet । hemantagrīṣmavarṣāsu pāñcayajñikamanvaham || 3.281 ||</blockquote>The 14th Adhyaya of the 7th Skandha of the Bhagavata Purana, Yudhisthira asks Maharshi Narada who explains to him the course of conduct by which a householder will attain moksha without difficulty.<ref>Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, P.no.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n109/mode/2up 979-984].</ref> Accordingly, the text mentions that if sufficiently rich, a dvija (brahmana, kshatriya and vaishya) should perform according to his means, the shraddha ie. Mahalaya in honour of his departed parents as well as their kinsmen and others, in the dark half of bhadrapada. (19) It also enumerates a few other days designated for the performance of shraddha as follows:
+<blockquote>अनेन विधिना श्राद्धं त्रिरब्दस्येह निर्वपेत् । हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षासु पाञ्चयज्ञिकमन्वहम् || ३.२८१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>anena vidhinā śrāddhaṁ trirabdasyeha nirvapet । hemantagrīṣmavarṣāsu pāñcayajñikamanvaham || 3.281 ||</blockquote>In the 14th Adhyaya of the 7th Skandha of the Bhagavata Purana, Yudhisthira asks Maharshi Narada who explains to him the course of conduct by which a householder will attain moksha without difficulty. Accordingly, the text mentions that
+* If sufficiently rich, a dvija (brahmana, kshatriya and vaishya) should perform according to his means, the shraddha ie. Mahalaya in honour of his departed parents as well as their kinsmen and others, in the dark half of bhadrapada.<ref>Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, P.no.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n109/mode/2up 979-984].</ref>
-He should also perform their shraddha at the time of the summer and winter solstices (ayanas), and the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (vishuva), during the division of time called Vyatipata; on the day when a tithi ie. lunar day begins and ends between two sun-rises (technically known as dinakshaya); during the lunar and solar eclipses; on the 12th lunar day, and when the constellations known as Shravana, Dhanishtha and Shata-taraka are on the ascendance; on the 3rd day in the bright half of Vaishakha (ie. on Akshaya tritiya); on the 9th lunar day in the bright half of Karttika (known as Akshaya navami); on the four Ashtakas (8th lunar day in the dark halves) during the seasons called Hemanta and Shishira (ie. on the 8th day in the dark half of the months of Margashirsha, Pausha, Magha and Phalguna); on the 7th day in the bright half of the month of Magha; on the full moon day when the constellation Magha is ascendant (which is in the month of Magha) on days when the constellation associated with the names of other (lunar) months are ascendant on a full moon day, or even when the moon rises one digit less than  the full on that day; on any 12th lunar day when the constellations Anuradha, Shravana and the three constellations beginning with the word Uttara (viz. Uttarashadha, Uttara Bhadrapada and Uttara Phalguni) are ascendant; or when the 11th lunar day (of any month) is associated with (any of) these three constellations; (and lastly) on any day when the constellation under which a person was born or the constellation called Shravana is ascendant. (20-23)
+<blockquote>कुर्याद् आपरपक्षीयं मासि प्रौष्ठपदे द्विजः ।  श्राद्धं पित्रोर्यथावित्तं तद्‍बन्धूनां च वित्तवान् ॥ १९ ॥<ref>Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA Adhyaya 14].</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>''kuryād āparapakṣīyaṁ māsi prauṣṭhapadē dvijaḥ । śrāddhaṁ pitrōryathāvittaṁ tad‍bandhūnāṁ ca vittavān ॥ 19 ॥''</blockquote>It also enumerates a few other days designated for the performance of shraddha as follows:
+* the summer and winter solstices (ayanas)
 It also mentions that, Shraddhas should be performed when it is the time of the purificatory rites observed in the behalf of himself, his wife or children; as well as at the time of the cremation of a dead body or on the death anniversary of a person; and at the time of any other function like marriage. (26)

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 * It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the deities, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of yajna destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>
 * Therefore, one must feed atleast one brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the shraddha, which is a part of the five great yajnas (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>एकमप्याशयेद्विप्रं पित्रर्थे पाञ्चयज्ञिके ॥ ३.८३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>ekamapyāśayedvipraṁ pitrarthe pāñcayajñike ॥ 3.83 ॥</blockquote>

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:59, 20 February 2020
Line 20:		Line 20:

	He should also perform their shraddha at the time of the summer and winter solstices (ayanas), and the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (vishuva), during the division of time called Vyatipata; on the day when a tithi ie. lunar day begins and ends between two sun-rises (technically known as dinakshaya); during the lunar and solar eclipses; on the 12th lunar day, and when the constellations known as Shravana, Dhanishtha and Shata-taraka are on the ascendance; on the 3rd day in the bright half of Vaishakha (ie. on Akshaya tritiya); on the 9th lunar day in the bright half of Karttika (known as Akshaya navami); on the four Ashtakas (8th lunar day in the dark halves) during the seasons called Hemanta and Shishira (ie. on the 8th day in the dark half of the months of Margashirsha, Pausha, Magha and Phalguna); on the 7th day in the bright half of the month of Magha; on the full moon day when the constellation Magha is ascendant (which is in the month of Magha) on days when the constellation associated with the names of other (lunar) months are ascendant on a full moon day, or even when the moon rises one digit less than the full on that day; on any 12th lunar day when the constellations Anuradha, Shravana and the three constellations beginning with the word Uttara (viz. Uttarashadha, Uttara Bhadrapada and Uttara Phalguni) are ascendant; or when the 11th lunar day (of any month) is associated with (any of) these three constellations; (and lastly) on any day when the constellation under which a person was born or the constellation called Shravana is ascendant. (20-23)		He should also perform their shraddha at the time of the summer and winter solstices (ayanas), and the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (vishuva), during the division of time called Vyatipata; on the day when a tithi ie. lunar day begins and ends between two sun-rises (technically known as dinakshaya); during the lunar and solar eclipses; on the 12th lunar day, and when the constellations known as Shravana, Dhanishtha and Shata-taraka are on the ascendance; on the 3rd day in the bright half of Vaishakha (ie. on Akshaya tritiya); on the 9th lunar day in the bright half of Karttika (known as Akshaya navami); on the four Ashtakas (8th lunar day in the dark halves) during the seasons called Hemanta and Shishira (ie. on the 8th day in the dark half of the months of Margashirsha, Pausha, Magha and Phalguna); on the 7th day in the bright half of the month of Magha; on the full moon day when the constellation Magha is ascendant (which is in the month of Magha) on days when the constellation associated with the names of other (lunar) months are ascendant on a full moon day, or even when the moon rises one digit less than the full on that day; on any 12th lunar day when the constellations Anuradha, Shravana and the three constellations beginning with the word Uttara (viz. Uttarashadha, Uttara Bhadrapada and Uttara Phalguni) are ascendant; or when the 11th lunar day (of any month) is associated with (any of) these three constellations; (and lastly) on any day when the constellation under which a person was born or the constellation called Shravana is ascendant. (20-23)
		+
		+	It also mentions that, Shraddhas should be performed when it is the time of the purificatory rites observed in the behalf of himself, his wife or children; as well as at the time of the cremation of a dead body or on the death anniversary of a person; and at the time of any other function like marriage. (26)
		+
		+	The text further mentions that by performing pious acts to the best of one's abilities on these days, the merits become most effectual and contribute to one's longevity. (24) While the performance of ablutions, muttering prayer or mantra (Japa), oblations to fire, observance of a sacred vow, worship of deities and brahmanas and gifts donated in the names of pitrs, deities, men and creatures on these specific days, bear everlasting fruit. (25)

	== श्राद्धहविः ॥ The Offerings of Shraddha ==		== श्राद्धहविः ॥ The Offerings of Shraddha ==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-It is said that, the sages, forefathers, deities, bhutas (भूत-s), and guests look up to the householders for offerings and gifts that help them sustain. Hence, he who knows this, must give to them what is their due.<blockquote>ऋषयः पितरो देवा भूतान्यतिथयस्तथा । आशासते कुटुम्बिभ्यस्तेभ्यः कार्यं विजानता ॥ ३.८० ॥<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣayaḥ pitaro devā bhūtānyatithayastathā । āśāsate kuṭumbibhyastebhyaḥ kāryaṁ vijānatā ॥ 3.80 ॥</blockquote>And the forefathers are to be worshiped by funeral offerings or Shraddha. पितॄञ् श्राद्धैश्च | pitr̥̄ñ śrāddhaiśca | (Manu 3.81)<ref name=":0" /> In fact, for twice-born men, the rite in honour of the Pitrs excels that in honour of the deities; the rite in honour of the deities has been declared to be the previous sustainer of the rite in honour of the Pitrs (Manu Smrt. 3.203).<ref name=":2">Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti ([https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46010/2015.46010.Manusmrti--Vol-4.pdf Vol.4]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><blockquote>दैवकार्याद्द्विजातीनां पितृकार्यं विशिष्यते । दैवं हि पितृकार्यस्य पूर्वं आप्यायनं स्मृतम् || ३.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>daivakāryāddvijātīnāṁ pitr̥kāryaṁ viśiṣyate । daivaṁ hi pitr̥kāryasya pūrvaṁ āpyāyanaṁ smr̥tam || 3.203 ||</blockquote>
+It is said that, the sages, forefathers, deities, bhutas (भूत-s), and guests look up to the householders for offerings and gifts that help them sustain. Hence, he who knows this, must give to them what is their due.<blockquote>ऋषयः पितरो देवा भूतान्यतिथयस्तथा । आशासते कुटुम्बिभ्यस्तेभ्यः कार्यं विजानता ॥ ३.८० ॥ (Manu. Smrt. 3.80) <ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣayaḥ pitaro devā bhūtānyatithayastathā । āśāsate kuṭumbibhyastebhyaḥ kāryaṁ vijānatā ॥ 3.80 ॥</blockquote>And the forefathers are to be worshiped by funeral offerings or Shraddha. पितॄञ् श्राद्धैश्च | pitr̥̄ñ śrāddhaiśca | (Manu 3.81)<ref name=":0" /> In fact, for twice-born men, the rite in honour of the Pitrs excels that in honour of the deities; the rite in honour of the deities has been declared to be the previous sustainer of the rite in honour of the Pitrs (Manu Smrt. 3.203).<ref name=":2">Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti ([https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46010/2015.46010.Manusmrti--Vol-4.pdf Vol.4]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><blockquote>दैवकार्याद्द्विजातीनां पितृकार्यं विशिष्यते । दैवं हि पितृकार्यस्य पूर्वं आप्यायनं स्मृतम् || ३.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>daivakāryāddvijātīnāṁ pitr̥kāryaṁ viśiṣyate । daivaṁ hi pitr̥kāryasya pūrvaṁ āpyāyanaṁ smr̥tam || 3.203 ||</blockquote>
 == श्राद्धकर्ता ॥ Shraddha Karta ==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-It is said that, the sages, forefathers, deities, bhutas (भूत-s), and guests look up to the householders for offerings and gifts that help them sustain. Hence, he who knows this, must give to them what is their due.<blockquote>ऋषयः पितरो देवा भूतान्यतिथयस्तथा । आशासते कुटुम्बिभ्यस्तेभ्यः कार्यं विजानता ॥ ३.८० ॥<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣayaḥ pitaro devā bhūtānyatithayastathā । āśāsate kuṭumbibhyastebhyaḥ kāryaṁ vijānatā ॥ 3.80 ॥</blockquote>And the forefathers are to be worshiped by funeral offerings or Shraddha. पितॄञ् श्राद्धैश्च | pitr̥̄ñ śrāddhaiśca | (Manu 3.81)<ref name=":0" /> In fact, for dvijas (brahmanas), the rite in honour of the ancestors is more important than the rite in honour of the deities; for the offering to the deities which precedes the Shraddhas, has been declared to be a means of fortifying the latter.<ref name=":2">Pt. Sri Rama Ramanuja Acharya, [http://www.srimatham.com/uploads/5/5/4/9/5549439/manu_for_modern_times.pdf The Laws of Manu for the 21st Century], srimatham.com </ref><blockquote>दैवकार्याद्द्विजातीनां पितृकार्यं विशिष्यते । दैवं हि पितृकार्यस्य पूर्वं आप्यायनं स्मृतम् || ३.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>daivakāryāddvijātīnāṁ pitr̥kāryaṁ viśiṣyate । daivaṁ hi pitr̥kāryasya pūrvaṁ āpyāyanaṁ smr̥tam || 3.203 ||</blockquote>
+It is said that, the sages, forefathers, deities, bhutas (भूत-s), and guests look up to the householders for offerings and gifts that help them sustain. Hence, he who knows this, must give to them what is their due.<blockquote>ऋषयः पितरो देवा भूतान्यतिथयस्तथा । आशासते कुटुम्बिभ्यस्तेभ्यः कार्यं विजानता ॥ ३.८० ॥<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣayaḥ pitaro devā bhūtānyatithayastathā । āśāsate kuṭumbibhyastebhyaḥ kāryaṁ vijānatā ॥ 3.80 ॥</blockquote>And the forefathers are to be worshiped by funeral offerings or Shraddha. पितॄञ् श्राद्धैश्च | pitr̥̄ñ śrāddhaiśca | (Manu 3.81)<ref name=":0" /> In fact, for twice-born men, the rite in honour of the Pitrs excels that in honour of the deities; the rite in honour of the deities has been declared to be the previous sustainer of the rite in honour of the Pitrs (Manu Smrt. 3.203).<ref name=":2">Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti ([https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46010/2015.46010.Manusmrti--Vol-4.pdf Vol.4]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><blockquote>दैवकार्याद्द्विजातीनां पितृकार्यं विशिष्यते । दैवं हि पितृकार्यस्य पूर्वं आप्यायनं स्मृतम् || ३.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>daivakāryāddvijātīnāṁ pitr̥kāryaṁ viśiṣyate । daivaṁ hi pitr̥kāryasya pūrvaṁ āpyāyanaṁ smr̥tam || 3.203 ||</blockquote>
 == श्राद्धकर्ता ॥ Shraddha Karta ==
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 * A Grhastha (गृहस्थः । householder) should perform shraddha daily with water, sesame, barley or with milk, roots, fruits in order to please the forefathers (Manu Smrt. 3.82).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>कुर्यादहरहः श्राद्धं अन्नाद्येनोदकेन वा । पयोमूलफलैर्वापि पितृभ्यः प्रीतिमावहन् ॥ ३.८२ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kuryādaharahaḥ śrāddhaṁ annādyenodakena vā । payomūlaphalairvāpi pitr̥bhyaḥ prītimāvahan ॥ 3.82 ॥</blockquote>
-* The ancestors are satisfied for one month with sesame grains, rice, barley, mung beans, water, roots, and fruits, which have been given according to the prescribed rule (Manu Smrt. 3.267).<ref name=":2" />
+* By the proper offering of sesame, rice and barley, masha, water, roots and fruits, men’s ancestors are satisfied for one month. (Manu Smrt. 3.267).<ref name=":2" />
 <blockquote>तिलैर्व्रीहियवैर्माषैरद्भिर्मूलफलेन वा । दत्तेन मासं तृप्यन्ति विधिवत्पितरो नृनाम् || ३.२६७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>tilairvrīhiyavairmāṣairadbhirmūlaphalena vā । dattena māsaṁ tr̥pyanti vidhivatpitaro nr̥nām || 3.267 ||</blockquote>
-* However, it is also said that, if a brahmana is unable to procure elaborate offerings, even if he satisfies the forefathers with water, he obtains thereby the whole reward for the performance of the shraddha. (Manu Smrt. 3.283).<ref name=":1" /> For, even water offered with faith (to the ancestors) in vessels made of silver or adorned with silver, produces endless (bliss) (Manu Smrt. 3.202).<ref name=":2" />
+* However, it is also said that, if a brahmana is unable to procure elaborate offerings, even if he satisfies the forefathers with water, he obtains thereby the whole reward for the performance of the shraddha. (Manu Smrt. 3.283).<ref name=":1" /> For, even water offered to these with faith, in vessels, either made of silver or connected with silver, is conducive to imperishability. (Manu Smrt. 3.202).<ref name=":2" />
 <blockquote>यदेव तर्पयत्यद्भिः पितॄन्स्नात्वा द्विजोत्तमः । तेनैव कृत्स्नं आप्नोति पितृयज्ञक्रियाफलम् || ३.२८३ ||</blockquote><blockquote>राजतैर्भाजनैरेषां अथो वा रजतान्वितैः । वार्यपि श्रद्धया दत्तं अक्षयायोपकल्पते || ३.२०२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yadeva tarpayatyadbhiḥ pitr̥̄nsnātvā dvijottamaḥ । tenaiva kr̥tsnaṁ āpnoti pitr̥yajñakriyāphalam || 3.283 ||</blockquote><blockquote>rājatairbhājanaireṣāṁ atho vā rajatānvitaiḥ । vāryapi śraddhayā dattaṁ akṣayāyopakalpate || 3.202 ||</blockquote>
 * The afternoon time, kusha grass, cowdung smeared sacrificial place, sesame grains, liberality in serving food, taste of prepared food and distinguished brahmanas are greatest at all funeral sacrifices (Manu Smrt. 3.255).<ref name=":1" />
 <blockquote>अपराह्णस्तथा दर्भा वास्तुसंपादनं तिलाः । सृष्टिर्मृष्टिर्द्विजाश्चाग्र्याः श्राद्धकर्मसु संपदः || ३.२५५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>aparāhṇastathā darbhā vāstusaṁpādanaṁ tilāḥ । sr̥ṣṭirmr̥ṣṭirdvijāścāgryāḥ śrāddhakarmasu saṁpadaḥ || 3.255 ||</blockquote>
-* In fact, it is said that, the ancestors pray that 'May our family be endowed with someone who will please us by giving payas (milk-rice) mixed with honey and clarified butter, on the thirteenth lunar day or when the shadow of an elephant falls towards the east.'(Manu Smrt. 3.274).<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, whatever (food), mixed with honey, one gives on the thirteenth lunar day in the rainy season under the asterism of Magha (माघः), that also procures endless (satisfaction) (Manu Smrt. 3.273).<ref name=":2" />
+* In fact, it is said that, the ancestors pray that 'May our family be endowed with someone who will please us by giving payas (milk-rice) mixed with honey and clarified butter, on the thirteenth lunar day or when the shadow of an elephant falls towards the east.'(Manu Smrt. 3.274).<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, whatever thing, mixed with honey, one might offer on the thirteenth day of the month, during the rains, under the asterism of Magha,—that also would be imperishable. (Manu Smrt. 3.273).<ref name=":2" />
 <blockquote>अपि नः स कुले भूयाद्यो नो दद्यात्त्रयोदशीम् । पायसं मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां प्राक्छाये कुञ्जरस्य च || ३.२७४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>यत्किं चिन्मधुना मिश्रं प्रदद्यात्तु त्रयोदशीम् । तदप्यक्षयं एव स्याद्वर्षासु च मघासु च || ३.२७३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>api naḥ sa kule bhūyādyo no dadyāttrayodaśīm । pāyasaṁ madhusarpirbhyāṁ prākchāye kuñjarasya ca || 3.274 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yatkiṁ cinmadhunā miśraṁ pradadyāttu trayodaśīm । tadapyakṣayaṁ eva syādvarṣāsu ca maghāsu ca || 3.273 ||</blockquote>
 * However, whatever is given to the forefathers with utmost devotion and faith, according to the prescribed rule, one gains countless fruits for that in the other world (Manu Smrt. 3.275).<ref name=":1" />