Shiksha (शिक्षा) - Revision history

Fordharma: /* Shiksha Granthas */ added table

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Fordharma: /* Shiksha Granthas */

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Shiksha Granthas

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Fordharma: /* Varnas in Samskrit Language */

2020-06-28T16:45:11Z

Varnas in Samskrit Language

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Fordharma at 04:17, 2 June 2020

2020-06-02T04:17:10Z

Fordharma: /* Places of Articulation of Samskrit Varnas */ formating

2020-06-02T04:02:59Z

Places of Articulation of Samskrit Varnas: formating

Fordharma: /* Varnas in Samskrit Language */

2020-06-02T04:00:08Z

Varnas in Samskrit Language

Fordharma: /* Shiksha Granthas */

2020-06-02T03:51:24Z

Shiksha Granthas

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 There are 35 Shiksha granthas available. These contain detailed descriptions of the pronunciation of mantras etc. A collection of 32 texts has been published named 'Shiksha-Sangraha'. Many important facts related to phonetics, difference between vowels and consonants, various differences related to uttering of vowels, description of place and effort etc. in pronunciation of varnas, difference between Anusvara and Anunasika, different forms of Visarga, scientific process of pronunciation of varnas, relation of Udatta svaras with the notes of the sargam, existence of hrasva ए and ओ, samvrit (closed form) and vivrita (open forms) of ओ and औ, rules regarding pronunciation, analysis of sandhi etc.<ref name=":6" />
-Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. The following list contains some of these surviving texts: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em|style=width: 600px;|# Amoghanandini
+Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. The following list contains some of these surviving texts:<ref name=":122" /> {{columns-list|colwidth=10em|style=width: 600px;|# Amoghanandini
 # Apisali (in sutra form)
 # Aranya
@@ Line 381: / Line 381: @@
 # Yajnavalkya }}
-Although many of these Shiksha texts are attached to specific Vedic schools, others are later day texts.
+Although many of these Shiksha texts are attached to specific Vedic schools, others are later day texts. The following table gives a summary of them.<ref>https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/93868</ref>
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Vedangas]]

@@ Line 248: / Line 248: @@
 ''Svara aksharas'' are also known as ''prana akshara''; i.e., they are the main sounds in speech, without which speech is not possible.  The term Svara here refers to the Varna and is not to be confused with accent or pitch which is also called Svara. ''Vyanjana'', i.e., consonants are incomplete and associate with vowels for pronunciation. They are also known as ''Prani akshara''; that is, they are like a body to which life (''svara'') is added. They include the rest of the three types apart from Svaras varnas namely '''Sparsa''' (mentioned as Stop), '''Antastha''' and '''Ushmana'''.
 A vowel is pronounced in 18 ways (3×2×3), based on matra (time), its organ, and svara (accent) of pronunciation. However, there are some modifications. We get 18 ways of pronunciation for अ इ उ ऋ, ऌ  has no Dirgha (2x2x3 = 12 ways), ए ओ ऐ औ has no Hrasva, so we get (2x2x3) twelve ways.
@@ Line 318: / Line 320: @@
 ==प्रातिशाख्यानां शिक्षास्वरूपता ॥ Pratishakhyas related to Shiksha==
-Pratisakhyas are the oldest Siksa textbooks intimately connected to shakas of [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four Vedas]]. Although the specific in subject matter their contribution in protecting the vedic form, is as invaluable as that of Vyakarana and Siksha texts. Their textual content differs from Vyakarana and Shiksha granthas in that they deal exclusively with the peculiarities of that particular veda shaka in the areas of svaras, sandhis and other pronunciation aspects and are thus as old as the Vedas themselves.<ref name=":3" /> Later Siksa texts are systematic, and often titled with suffix "Siksa", such as the Naradiya-Siksa, Vyasa-Siksa, Pari-Siksa and Sarvasammata-Siksa.
+Pratisakhyas are the oldest Siksa textbooks intimately connected to shakas of [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four Vedas]]. Although specific in subject matter their contribution in protecting the vedic form, is as invaluable as that of Vyakarana and Siksha texts. Their textual content differs from Vyakarana and Shiksha granthas in that they deal exclusively with the peculiarities of that particular veda shaka in the areas of svaras, sandhis and other pronunciation aspects and are thus as old as the Vedas themselves.<ref name=":3" /> Later Siksa texts are systematic, and often titled with suffix "Siksa", such as the Naradiya-Siksa, Vyasa-Siksa, Paniniya-Siksa and Sarvasammata-Siksa.
 The Pratishakhyas, which evolved from the more ancient Vedic padapathas, deal with the manner in which the Vedas are to be enunciated. There are separate Pratishakhyas for each Veda and they are composed either in sutra or shloka formats. They complement the books called Shiksha written by various authorities. Several Pratishakhyas have survived into the modern era:<ref name=":122">Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1997) ''Samskrit Vangmay ka Brhad Itihas, Dvitiya Khand - Vedang.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Samskrit Sansthan (Pages 1-55)</ref>
@@ Line 330: / Line 332: @@
 ==Shiksha Granthas==
-In addition, several Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. The following list contains some of these surviving texts: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em|style=width: 600px;|
+There are 35 Shiksha granthas available. These contain detailed descriptions of the pronunciation of mantras etc. A collection of 32 texts has been published named 'Shiksha-Sangraha'. Many important facts related to phonetics, difference between vowels and consonants, various differences related to uttering of vowels, description of place and effort etc. in pronunciation of varnas, difference between Anusvara and Anunasika, different forms of Visarga, scientific process of pronunciation of varnas, relation of Udatta svaras with the notes of the sargam, existence of hrasva ए and ओ, samvrit (closed form) and vivrita (open forms) of ओ and औ, rules regarding pronunciation, analysis of sandhi etc.<ref name=":6" />
 Although many of these Shiksha texts are attached to specific Vedic schools, others are later day texts.
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Vedangas]]

@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 ''Svara aksharas'' are also known as ''prana akshara''; i.e., they are the main sounds in speech, without which speech is not possible.  The term Svara here refers to the  Varna and is not to be confused with accent or pitch which is also called Svara. ''Vyanjana'', i.e., consonants are incomplete and associate with vowels for pronunciation. They are also known as ''Prani akshara''; that is, they are like a body to which life (''svara'') is added. They include the rest of the three types apart from Svaras varnas namely '''Sparsa''' (mentioned as Stop), '''Antastha''' and '''Ushmana'''.
-A vowel is pronounced in 18 ways (3×2×3), based on matra (time), its organ, and svara (accent) of pronunciation. However, there are some modifications. We get 18 ways of pronunciation for अ इ उ ऋ, ऌ एओऐऔ
+A vowel is pronounced in 18 ways (3×2×3), based on matra (time), its organ, and svara (accent) of pronunciation. However, there are some modifications. We get 18 ways of pronunciation for अ इ उ ऋ, ऌ  has no Dirgha (2x2x3 = 12 ways), ए ओ ऐ औ has no Hrasva, so we get (2x2x3) twelve ways.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Factors involved in Vowel Pronunciation

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:17, 2 June 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~'''~~Shiksha~~'''~~ (Samskrit: शिक्षा) is a shastra pertaining to pronunciation and accent which has a major role in the preservation of the vaidika mantras; as such it is insufficiently expressed as phonetics.<ref>All About Hinduism, Swami Sivananda, Page 34</ref> In this context it refers to one of the six [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)\|Vedangas]], or limbs of Vedic studies, the others being [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)\|Vyākaraṇam]] (Grammar), Chandas (Prosody), Niruktam (Semantics and Thesaurus), [[Vedanga Jyotisha (वेदाङ्गज्योतिषम्)\|Jyotiṣam]] (Astrology) and [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)\|Kalpa]] (Practice of Rites). It has an important place in the Vidyasthanas and hence study of this shastra is a prerequisite for Vyakarana.	+	Shiksha (Samskrit: शिक्षा) is a shastra pertaining to pronunciation and accent which has a major role in the preservation of the vaidika mantras; as such it is insufficiently expressed as phonetics.<ref>All About Hinduism, Swami Sivananda, Page 34</ref> In this context it refers to one of the six [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)\|Vedangas]], or limbs of Vedic studies, the others being [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)\|Vyākaraṇam]] (Grammar), Chandas (Prosody), Niruktam (Semantics and Thesaurus), [[Vedanga Jyotisha (वेदाङ्गज्योतिषम्)\|Jyotiṣam]] (Astrology) and [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)\|Kalpa]] (Practice of Rites). It has an important place in the Vidyasthanas and hence study of this shastra is a prerequisite for Vyakarana.

	[[File:Shiksha.png\|thumb\|600x600px\|'''Articulation of Sounds from Throat, Nose and Mouth''' Courtesy: Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad]]		[[File:Shiksha.png\|thumb\|600x600px\|'''Articulation of Sounds from Throat, Nose and Mouth''' Courtesy: Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad]]

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 === स्थानम् ॥ Sthana ===
 Sthanas are the places (or body parts which play a role in the production of sound) of articulation of varnas. Paniniya Shiksa defines eight places of articulation.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अष्टौ स्थानानि वर्णानामुरः कण्ठः शिरस्तथा। जिह्वामूलं च दन्ताश्च नासिकोष्ठौ च तालु च॥ १३ ॥ (Pani. Shik. 13)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>aṣṭau sthānāni varṇānāmuraḥ kaṇṭhaḥ śirastathā । jihvāmūlaṃ ca dantāśca nāsikoṣṭhau ca tālu ca ॥ 13 ॥ </blockquote>There are eight places where letters are produced – chest, throat (pharynx), roof of palate, the root of the tongue, teeth, nose, both the lips and palate.
 ==== Places of Articulation of Samskrit Varnas ====
 In the following table, the short and long vowels are represented by the short vowel; i.e. अ (a) stands for आ (ā) as well, and similarly in the case of other vowels wherever applicable.
-{| class="wikitable" - style="background: #ffad66;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffad66;" -
 !Letters
 !Place of Articulation
 |- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
 |अ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, ह, ः
@@ Line 80: / Line 53: @@
 kaṇṭhaḥ
 |- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
 |इ, च, छ, ज, झ,  ञ, य, श
@@ Line 87: / Line 61: @@
 tālu
 |- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
 |ऋ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ,  ण, र, ष
@@ Line 94: / Line 69: @@
 mūrdhā
 |- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
 |ऌ, त, थ, द, ध, न, ल, स
@@ Line 101: / Line 77: @@
 dantāḥ
 |- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
 |उ,  प,   फ,  ब,  भ,  म, [[File:Jihvamula Pa.png|thumb|17x17px|ḫ]]u, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma
 |ओष्ठौ (lips)
@@ Line 106: / Line 83: @@
 oṣṭhau
 |- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
 |ञ,   म,  ङ,  ण,  न
@@ Line 113: / Line 91: @@
 nāsikā ca
 |- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
 |ए , ऐ
@@ Line 120: / Line 99: @@
 kaṇṭhatālu
 |- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
 |ओ, औ
@@ Line 127: / Line 107: @@
 kaṇṭhoṣṭham
 |- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
 |व
@@ Line 134: / Line 115: @@
 dantoṣṭham
 |- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
 |क
@@ Line 141: / Line 123: @@
 jihvāmūlam
 |- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
 |ं (अनुस्वार)
@@ Line 149: / Line 132: @@
 |}
 <blockquote>हकारं पञ्चमैर्युक्तम् अन्तस्थाभिश्च संयुतम् । औरस्यं तं विजानीयात् कण्ठ्यमाहुरसंयुतम् ॥ पाणिनीयशिक्षा, १६ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>hakāraṃ pañcamairyuktam antasthābhiśca saṃyutam । aurasyaṃ taṃ vijānīyāt kaṇṭhyamāhurasaṃyutam ॥ (Pani. Shik. 16)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>The combinations of ह-'ha' and ङ-ṅa / ञ-ña / ण-ṇa / न-na / म-ma / य-ya / र-ra / ल-la / व-va, i.e. ह्ङ-hṅa, ह्ञ-hña, ह्ण-hṇa, ह्न-hna, ह्म-hma, ह्य-hya, ह्र-hra, ह्ल-hla and ह्व-hva, are to be pronounced from the chest. The lone 'ह-ha' is born in the throat. The combination of ha + ṅa and ha + ña (ह्ङ-hṅa and ह्ञ-hña) is not present in word usages. In words like aparāhṇa (अपराह्णः), madhyāhna (मद्याह्नः), brahma (ब्रह्मा), bāhya (बाह्या), hrada (ह्रद), prahlāda (प्रह्लादः) and āhvāna (आह्वानम्), 'ha' is to be pronounced carefully, i.e. it should come from the chest.
 ==== वृत्तिः॥ Vṛtti ====

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 ==== Varnas in Samskrit Language ====
 According to Yajnavalkya Shiksha varnas are classified into four.
-* स्वराः
+<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
-* स्पर्शाः
+# स्वराः (Svaras)
-* अन्तस्थाः
+# स्पर्शाः (Sparsha)
-* ऊष्माणः
+# अन्तस्थाः (Antastha)
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Samskrit Varnas

@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 ==Shiksha Granthas==
-In addition, several Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. The following list contains some of these surviving texts: {{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px; font-style: italic;|
+In addition, several Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. The following list contains some of these surviving texts: {{columns-list|colwidth=10em|style=width: 600px;|
 * Amoghanandini
 * Apisali (in sutra form)