Samaveda (सामवेदः) - Revision history

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Introduction

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SaamaVikara (Alteration in Saamagana)

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स्वरम् । Swara

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(1) पूर्वार्चिक ॥ Purvarchika

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 }}Samaveda (Samskrit:सामवेदः) is the third of the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|Four Vedas]], and is the third of Vedatrayi. Samaveda is made up of mantras called as "Saman" or "Sama" meaning lyrical mantra. The union of Rik mantras and Swara alone is Sama. Hence the text of the Sama Veda is a reduced version of the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]]. It is mandatory for Sama to be lyrical and its secret is in its musical annotation and rendering.
-== Introduction ==
+== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
 The Samaveda is shortest of all the four Vedas. It is closely connected with the Rigveda. It is important to note that the Samhita of the Samaveda includes many mantras, a large number indeed, from the Samhita of Rigveda. These mantras are chiefly derived from the eighth and the ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda. The Samaveda is compiled exclusively for ritual application, for Samans are all meant to be chanted during the ceremonies of the Soma-yajna. In the ritualistic tradition, these mantras are recited at those yajnas in which Soma plant is pressed and juice is extracted which with other ingredients is offered to various deities. The Samaveda is, therefore, specially intended for the Udgatr priest, who chants Samans at the yajnika ritual. Its mantras assume their proper character of musical samans or chants only in the various song-books called Ganas. According to Jaimini - Melody is called Saman.
 Traditionally the Vedas are spoken of as '''Veda Trayi''<nowiki/>' as they are composed of three kinds of mantras - Rk mantras set to metres, Yajus mantras in prose form, and Saman mantras set to musical chants.<ref>https://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/samaveda-samhitas/</ref>
-==== Samaveda Dhyan Shlok ====
+==== Samaveda Dhyan Shloka ====
 नीलोत्पलदलाभासः सामवेदो हायाननः । अक्षमालान्वितो दक्षे वामे कम्बु धारः स्मृतः॥ <ref>Shukla Yajurveda Madhyandhineya Samhita. Varanasi: Choukhambha Orientalia </ref>
 He (Samaveda deity) bears a shade of blue lotus petal and has a face of a horse. In the right is a garland of beads and the left hand bears an axe.
-== Meaning of Saman ==
+== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥Etymology of Saman ==
 Saman or Sama means lyrical mantra as mentioned in the previous section. When the mantras (Rik or Richa) of Rigveda are sung in a specific musical system, then they are called Samaan (Saam). Therefore, in Purvamimamsa, गीति (geeti) or गान (song) has been called Sama - 'गीतिषु सामाख्या' (Purv. Mima. 2.1.36). In Rigveda, Stotrarupa or Geetirupa mantra has been called 'आंगूष्यं साम' (Rig 1.62.2). Angushya means a form of stotra or geeti rendering. It is known that when Mantra or Richas are presented in the form of Geeti then it is called the Saman.
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 === Types of Samagana ===
-The texts of Samagana have been composed on the basis of Purvarchika mantras. Gana is of four types.
+The texts of [[Sama Gana (सामगानम्)|Samagana]] have been composed on the basis of Purvarchika mantras. Gana is of four types.
 # ग्रामगान (Gramagaana)
@@ Line 316: / Line 316: @@
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Vedas]]

@@ Line 145: / Line 145: @@
 === Number of Mantras ===
 Total number of mantras in Purvarchika (640) and Uttararchika (1225) put together are 1875. Of these 1771 mantras are from Rigveda, thus Samaveda is said to have only 104 mantras that are unique to it. Most of the mantras in the Samaveda taken from the Rigveda are from mandalas 8 and 9. Apart from them,  237 mantras are taken from the first mandala and 110 mantras from the tenth mandala.<ref name=":0" />
 === Types of Samagana ===
@@ Line 156: / Line 161: @@
 Among these, Grama and Aranyagaana are Prakritik gaana, and Uha and Uhya are called vikritik gaana.
-# '''Gramagana''' – It is based on the mantras of Agneya, Aindra and Pavman Kand of Purvarchik. It was sung in villages or public places. Hence it is also called 'Gramageyagan', 'Prakritigaan' and 'Veyagan'.
+# '''ग्रामगान ।''' '''Gramagana''' – It is based on the mantras of Agneya, Aindra and Pavman Kand of Purvarchik. It was sung in villages or public places. Hence it is also called 'Gramageyagan', 'Prakritigaan' and 'Veyagan'.
-# '''Aranyagana''' - It is based on the mantras of Purvarchik's Aranya kand. It was sung only in forests or holy places. Hence it is also called 'Aranyakageyagan', 'Rahasyagan'.
+# '''आरण्यगान ।''' '''Aranyagana''' - It is based on the mantras of Purvarchik's Aranya kand. It was sung only in forests or holy places. Hence it is also called 'Aranyakageyagan', 'Rahasyagan'.
-# '''Uhaagana''' - 'Uha' means a setting based on the  situation. Whenever Sama-Mantras are sung on any special occasion by changing it according to the occasion, it is called Uhaagan. It is dependent on the mantras of Agneya etc. Kandas of Purvarchika. Uhgaan is considered a vikriti. The nature or basis of Uha is the Gramagaana. That is, Uhagaan is created by taking the help of swararaga etc. used in Gramagaana. It was used only during Somayaga and special dharmic occasions.
+# '''ऊहगान ।''' '''Uhaagana''' - 'Uha' means a setting based on the  situation. Whenever Sama-Mantras are sung on any special occasion by changing it according to the occasion, it is called Uhaagan. It is dependent on the mantras of Agneya etc. Kandas of Purvarchika. Uhgaan is considered a vikriti. The nature or basis of Uha is the Gramagaana. That is, Uhagaan is created by taking the help of swararaga etc. used in Gramagaana. It was used only during Somayaga and special dharmic occasions.
-# '''Uhyagaana''' - Like uhagaana, uhyagaana is also considered a vikriti song because it is not original. The nature or basis of Uhya is Aranyagaana. That is, Uhyagana has been composed on the basis of Swararagadi of Aranyagana. Due to being mysterious like Aranyagana, it is also called 'Rahasyagan'. Therefore, singing it in front of the general public is considered prohibited.
+# '''ऊह्यगान ।''' '''Uhyagaana''' - Like uhagaana, uhyagaana is also considered a vikriti song because it is not original. The nature or basis of Uhya is Aranyagaana. That is, Uhyagana has been composed on the basis of Swararagadi of Aranyagana. Due to being mysterious like Aranyagana, it is also called 'Rahasyagan'. Therefore, singing it in front of the general public is considered prohibited.
 === SaamaVikara (Alteration in Saamagana) ===
@@ Line 182: / Line 187: @@
 '''स्तोभ । Stobha''' - To give Richa the form of a song, some additional song-appropriate words like 'औहोवा', 'हाउ' etc. are included with the mantra. These are called 'Stobha'. Stobha is the main kind of Samavikara. These are considered to be the decoration of the Samagana. These are chanted during the aalap (a prelude to the actual mantra) of the mantra, which increases the beauty of the mantra. There is a difference in the positions of Stobha as per the Veda shaka. For example, the Kauthumiya branch adds 'हाउ', 'राइ' etc. and the Ranayaniya branch add 'हावु', 'रायि' etc.<ref name=":1" />
 == Samaveda as an Independent Veda ==
@@ Line 207: / Line 232: @@
 == Shakas of Samaveda ==
-It is said that many branches of Samaveda existed in ancient times. Maharishi Patanjali has mentioned 1000 branches of Samaveda <nowiki>''</nowiki>सहस्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः । Sahasravarma Samavedah "(Mahabhashya Paspashahnika).<ref name=":0" />
+It is said that many branches of Samaveda existed in ancient times. Maharishi Patanjali has mentioned 1000 branches of Samaveda <nowiki>''</nowiki>सहस्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः । Sahasravartma Samavedah "(Mahabhashya Paspashahnika).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/prkannan/Sama%20Veda-%20An%20Introduction.pdf Book by Sri P.R. Kannan found at https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/prkannan/</ref>
 At present only three branches of Samaveda are available
@@ Line 220: / Line 245: @@
 == Contents of Samaveda Samhita ==
-Being a music-oriented Veda, considerable literature was written on the singing of the mantras of Samveda. This theme is also the root of Indian musicology. Some essential elements related to Samagana have been instructed in Naradiya Shiksha. Due to which the importance of its theory and practical aspects can be easily understood. According to Naradiya Shiksha, the swaramandal of Samagaan i.e. the spectrum of notes consists of<ref name=":1"><nowiki>https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/103107/1/Unit-2.pdf</nowiki> </ref> <blockquote>सप्त स्वराः, त्रयो ग्रामाः, मूर्छनास्त्वेकविंशतिः।
+Being a music-oriented Veda, considerable literature was written on the singing of the mantras of Samveda. This theme is also the root of Indian musicology. Music is of two kinds
 ताना एकोनपंचाशत् , इत्येतत् स्वरमण्डलम् ।। नारदीय शिक्षा</blockquote>- 7 स्वर (Swaras or notes)
@@ Line 267: / Line 300: @@
 To represent these notes, numbers 1,2,3 are given on the Samavedic mantras. Their meaning is 1 = उदात्त - Sublime, 2 स्वरित - Swarit 3 अनुदात्त - Anudatta. Similarly, numbers like 1, 2, 3 etc. respectively represent the seven notes like Madhyam, Gandhar, Rishabh etc. (in the order of Ma Ga Re..).
-The fundamental difference between the seven notes of Samagana and the seven notes of secular classical music is that the notes of Sama are in the 'अवरोहारोह'- Avaroharoh' descending-ascending order and the notes of the secular song are in the 'आरोहावरोह '- Aarohavaroh' order or ascending-descending order.<ref name=":1" />
+The fundamental difference between the seven notes of Samagana and the seven notes of secular classical music is that the notes of Sama are in the 'अवरोहारोह'- Avaroharoh' descending-ascending order (Ma, Ga, Ri, Sa, Da, Ni, Pa) and the notes of the secular song are in the 'आरोहावरोह '- Aarohavaroh' order or ascending-descending order (Sa, Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, Da, Ni).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
 === ग्राम । Grama ===
@@ Line 281: / Line 314: @@
 === तान । Taana ===
 The combination of seven notes (7 times 7) is called Taana. By generating a combination with each other the number of threads becomes 49.
 ==References==
 <references />
 #http://www.hindunet.org/vedas/samveda/index.htm
 [[Category:Vedas]]

@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 # स्तोभ । Stobha
-'''Vikara'''  - Pronouncing an altered word in place of the words in the mantra by making some changes from the point of view of singing is called 'Vikara'. Like pronouncing 'Ognayi' instead of 'Agne'.
+'''विकार । Vikara'''  - Pronouncing an altered word in place of the words in the mantra by making some changes from the point of view of singing is called 'Vikara'. Like pronouncing 'ओग्नये' instead of 'अग्ने'.
-'''Vishleshana''' - Dividing a mantra pada (parts of mantra) into two or more parts as per situational requirement is called 'Vishleshana'. Like pronouncing 'wo yi - toya 2 yi' instead of 'veetaye'.
+'''विश्लेषण । Vishleshana''' - Dividing a mantra pada (parts of mantra) into two or more parts as per situational requirement is called 'Vishleshana'. Like pronouncing 'वो  यि  तोय  2 यि' instead of 'वीतये'.
-'''Vikarshana''' - Pronunciation of long svara (2 = long) in place of Hrasva svara (1 = Hrasva) used in the mantra and pronouncing Pluta svara (3 = Plut) in place of Deergha svara is called 'Vikarshan'. For example, pronouncing 'ye' as 'ya 2 3 yi' i.e. reciting the long and longer svaras by stretching till the point.
+'''विकर्षण । Vikarshana''' - Pronunciation of long svara (2 = long) in place of Hrasva svara (1 = Hrasva) used in the mantra and pronouncing Pluta svara (3 = Plut) in place of Deergha svara is called 'Vikarshana'. For example, pronouncing 'ये' as 'य 2 3 यि' i.e. reciting the long (dirgha) and longer (plutha) svaras by stretching till the point.
 == Samaveda as an Independent Veda ==
@@ Line 270: / Line 276: @@
 # तीव्र (उच्च) - high
-=== मूर्छना। Murchana ===
+=== मूर्छना। Murchhna ===
 The sound emanating from one note of each of the svaras is called Murchanas. They are formed by the mutual combination of Svaras and Grama (7 times 3) and are 21 in number.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |container=frame
 |description=सामवेद का परिचय एवं वैशिष्ट्य
-}}{{ToBeEdited}}
+}}Samaveda (Samskrit:सामवेदः) is the third of the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|Four Vedas]], and is the third of Vedatrayi. Samaveda is made up of mantras called as "Saman" or "Sama" meaning lyrical mantra. The union of Rik mantras and Swara alone is Sama. Hence the text of the Sama Veda is a reduced version of the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]]. It is mandatory for Sama to be lyrical and its secret is in its musical annotation and rendering.
 == Introduction ==
@@ Line 14: / Line 13: @@
 ==== Samaveda Dhyan Shlok ====
 नीलोत्पलदलाभासः सामवेदो हायाननः । अक्षमालान्वितो दक्षे वामे कम्बु धारः स्मृतः॥ <ref>Shukla Yajurveda Madhyandhineya Samhita. Varanasi: Choukhambha Orientalia </ref>
 == Meaning of Saman ==
@@ Line 144: / Line 145: @@
 === Number of Mantras ===
 Total number of mantras in Purvarchika (640) and Uttararchika (1225) put together are 1875. Of these 1771 mantras are from Rigveda, thus Samaveda is said to have only 104 mantras that are unique to it. Most of the mantras in the Samaveda taken from the Rigveda are from mandalas 8 and 9. Apart from them,  237 mantras are taken from the first mandala and 110 mantras from the tenth mandala.<ref name=":0" />
 == Samaveda as an Independent Veda ==

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 === (1) पूर्वार्चिक ॥ Purvarchika ===
-It has four sections: (a) आग्नेय । Agneya, (b) ऐन्द्र । Aindra, (c) पवमान । Pavamana. (d) महानाम्नी आर्चिक ।Mahanamni Archik, Aaranyakanda and Parishista (appendix). There are 6 Adhyayas in Purvarchika. Adhyayas are divided into Kanda and named as 'Dashati'. Dashati means ten Richas, but there appears no restriction on the number of ten in each Dashati, at some places they are less and at other places they are more. Adhyaya 1 is Agneya Kand. Adhyayas 2 to 4 constitute Aindra Kand. Adhyaya 5 is the Pavamana kand. Adyaya 6 is Aranyakaand. Its appendix is Mahanamni Archik (10 mantras).
+It has four sections: (a) आग्नेय । Agneya, (b) ऐन्द्र । Aindra, (c) पवमान । Pavamana. (d) आरण्य । Aranya and महानाम्नी आर्चिक ।Mahanamni Archik as Parishista (appendix). There are 6 Adhyayas/Prapathakas in Purvarchika. Adhyayas are divided into Kanda and named as 'Dashati'. Dashati means ten Richas, but there appears no restriction on the number of ten in each Dashati, at some places they are less and at other places they are more. Adhyaya 1 is Agneya Kand having mantras related to Agni devata. Adhyayas 2 to 4 constitute Aindra Kand having mantras related to Indra. Adhyaya 5 is the Pavamana khand containing mantras related to Pavamana or Soma. Adhyaya 6 is Aranya kand . Its appendix is Mahanamni Archik (10 mantras).
 The details of Purvarchika in terms of subject and mantra number etc. are as follows:
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 === (2) उत्तरार्चिक॥ Uttararchika ===
-It has 21 Adhyayas (or 9 prapathakas) and the number of mantras is 1225. There are a total of 400 Suktas in Uttararchika.
+It has 21 Adhyayas (or 9 prapathakas) and the number of mantras is 1225. There are a total of 400 Suktas in Uttararchika. The basis of singing the mantras of Uttararchika is the mantras of Purvarchika. Therefore, the mantras of Purvarchika are called 'Samayonimantra' or 'Samayoni'.
 === Number of Mantras ===
@@ Line 193: / Line 193: @@
 === स्वरम् । Swara ===
-There are seven swaras in Samveda.
+There are seven swaras in Samveda. According to Naradiya Shiksha, Paniniya Shiksha and Yajnavalkya Shiksha, these cosmic notes have developed from the three basic Svaras - Udatta, Anudatta and Swarita. <blockquote>उदात्ते निषादगान्धारौ अनुदात्ते ऋषभधैवतौ । स्वरितप्रभाव ह्येते षड्जमध्यमपञ्चमाः ॥  </blockquote>
+{| class="wikitable"
-# षड्ज (स) । Shadja (Sa)
+!No.
-# ऋषभ (रे)। Rishabh (Re)
+!Swaras (Notes)
-# गान्धार (ग)। Gandhara (Ga)
+!Vedic Svara Origin
-# मध्यम (म)। Madhyam (Ma)
+|-
-# पंचम (प)। Pancham (Pa)
+|1
-# धैवत (ध)। Dhaivat (Dha)
+|षड्ज (स) । Shadja (Sa)
-# निषाद (नि)। Nishad (Ni)
+|Svarita (3)
+|-
-According to Naradiya Shiksha, Paniniya Shiksha and Yajnavalkya Shiksha, these cosmic notes have developed from the three basic notes Udatta, Anudatta and Swarit.<blockquote>उदात्ते निषादगान्धारौ अनुदात्ते ऋषभधैवतौ । स्वरितप्रभाव ह्येते षड्जमध्यमपञ्चमाः ॥  </blockquote>To represent these notes, numbers 1,2,3 are given on the Samavedic mantras. Their meaning is 1 = उदात्त - Sublime, 2 स्वरित - Swarit 3 अनुदात्त - Anudatta. Similarly, numbers like 1, 2, 3 etc. respectively represent the seven notes like Madhyam, Gandhar, Rishabh etc. (in the order of Ma Ga Re..).
+|2
 The fundamental difference between the seven notes of Samagana and the seven notes of secular classical music is that the notes of Sama are in the 'अवरोहारोह'- Avaroharoh' descending-ascending order and the notes of the secular song are in the 'आरोहावरोह '- Aarohavaroh' order or ascending-descending order.<ref name=":1" />
@@ Line 213: / Line 237: @@
 # मध्य (मध्यम) - medium
 # तीव्र (उच्च) - high
 == Rtvik (Priest) of Samaveda ==

@@ Line 145: / Line 145: @@
 Total number of mantras in Purvarchika (640) and Uttararchika (1225) put together are 1875. Of these 1771 mantras are from Rigveda, thus Samaveda is said to have only 104 mantras that are unique to it. Most of the mantras in the Samaveda taken from the Rigveda are from mandalas 8 and 9. Apart from them,  237 mantras are taken from the first mandala and 110 mantras from the tenth mandala.<ref name=":0" />
-=== Samaveda as an Independent Veda ===
+== Samaveda as an Independent Veda ==
 Samaveda is the Veda predominantly of chanting. Therefore, the Saman must be lyrical 'gitishu samakhya' (Mimansa Sutra 2.1.36).<ref name=":0" />
-Sama includes lyrical mantras, that is, the singing of the Richas in some specific way. Rigveda and Samaveda are interdependent but not exactly the same Veda.
+Sama includes lyrical mantras, that is, the singing of the Richas in some specific way. Rigveda and Samaveda are interdependent but not exactly the same Veda. On the occasion of [[Shrauta Yajnas (श्रौतयज्ञाः)|Shrauta Yajnas]], the Sama mantras were sung by the Udgaata. The same Ganaparaka mantras are compiled in the Samhita. It is called "Samveda Samhita" or "Samveda" It became very popular as it was useful for chanting the Vedas.
-On the occasion of [[Shrauta Yajnas (श्रौतयज्ञाः)|Shrauta Yajnas]], the Sama mantras were sung by the Udgaata. The same Ganaparaka mantras are compiled in the Samhita. It is called "Samveda Samhita" or "Samveda" It became very popular as it was useful for chanting the Vedas.
+Some Indian and Western scholars<ref name=":0" /> believe that Samveda does not have an independent existence, rather it is merely a compilation of Richas collected for singing. Some reasons against this argument are:
 == Shakas of Samaveda ==
@@ Line 164: / Line 180: @@
 The Kauthumiya branch is almost identical to the Ranayaniya branch. The order of the mantras in the Samhitas of these two branches is the same, only the method of calculation differs. Whereas in the Kauthumiya Samhita there is a division in the form of chapters, sections and mantras, in the Ranayana Samhita there is a division in the form of prapathakas, ardhaprapathakas and dashati. The Kauthum and Ranayana Samhitas contain 1875 mantras and the Jaimini Samhita contains 1687 mantras.
 ==References==

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 . Samagaan is the best way to praise and please deities. Music sung with a pure heart attracts all divine entities. That is why it is said in Rigveda that one should sing with a pure heart.
-== Nature of Samaveda ==
+== Characteristics of Samaveda ==
 Samveda has two main parts: (1) पूर्वार्चिक । Purvarchika, (2) उत्तरार्चिक । Uttararchika. The literal meaning of 'आर्चिक  ।Archika' is - a group or collection of Richas.
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 === (2) उत्तरार्चिक॥ Uttararchika ===
-It has 21 Adhyayas (or 9 prapathakas) and the number of mantras is 1225. There are a total of 400 Suktas in Uttararchika. Of these 287 suktas, each contains a group of three mantras. 66 have two mantras each and the remaining 47 hymns have groups of mantras from 1 to 12.
+It has 21 Adhyayas (or 9 prapathakas) and the number of mantras is 1225. There are a total of 400 Suktas in Uttararchika.
 ==References==

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 == Greatness of Samaveda ==
-Samaveda has been acclaimed as the important one among the Vedas as mentioned in the following texts:
+Samaveda has been acclaimed as the important one among the Vedas as mentioned in the following texts:<ref name=":0" />
 . Samaveda is the essence of the Vedas. According to Shatapatha and Gopatha Brahmanas the essence of all the Vedas is Samaveda (सर्वेषां वा एष वेदानां रसो यत् साम । शत० १२.८.३.२३ । गोण २.५.७)
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 . Samagaan is the best way to praise and please deities. Music sung with a pure heart attracts all divine entities. That is why it is said in Rigveda that one should sing with a pure heart.
 ==References==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |description=सामवेद का परिचय एवं वैशिष्ट्य
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-Samaveda (Samskrit:सामवेदः) is the third of the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|Four Vedas]], and is the third of Vedatrayi. Samaveda is made up of mantras called as "Saman" or "Sama" meaning lyrical mantra. The union of Rik mantras and Swara alone is Sama. Hence the text of the Sama Veda is a reduced version of the Rig Veda. It is mandatory for Sama to be lyrical and its secret is in its musical annotation and rendering.
+Samaveda (Samskrit:सामवेदः) is the third of the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|Four Vedas]], and is the third of Vedatrayi. Samaveda is made up of mantras called as "Saman" or "Sama" meaning lyrical mantra. The union of Rik mantras and Swara alone is Sama. Hence the text of the Sama Veda is a reduced version of the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]]. It is mandatory for Sama to be lyrical and its secret is in its musical annotation and rendering.
 == Introduction ==
 == Meaning of Saman ==
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 (2) सा।Sa (i.e., ऋचा is female or wife) + Am (गान is male or man) = सामन् (saman). 'The relationship between Rigveda and Samaveda is like that of husband and wife.'<ref>सामवेद संहिता, (१९३९ ई0) श्री सातवलेकर - संपादित संस्करण की भूमिका, प० १-२</ref>
-References of Saman in Brahmanas and Upanishads are as follows.<ref>Dvivedi, Kapil Dev. (2000) ''Vaidika Sahitya evam Samskrti (Vedic Literature and Culture).'' Varanasi: Vishvavidyalaya Prakashan. (Pages 77- 94)</ref>
+References of Saman in Brahmanas and Upanishads are as follows.<ref name=":0">Dvivedi, Kapil Dev. (2000) ''Vaidika Sahitya evam Samskrti (Vedic Literature and Culture).'' Varanasi: Vishvavidyalaya Prakashan. (Pages 77- 94)</ref>
 - या ऋक् तत् साम । छान्दो १.३.४ That which is Rik is Sama.
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 - तस्य हैतस्य साम्नो यः स्वं वेद, .... तस्य स्वर एव स्वम् । बृहदा० उप० १.३.२५
-In the explanation of Mimamsa Sutras, Shabaraswami has also expresses that singing of richas in a special way is called Sama.
+विशिष्टा काचिद् गीतिः सामेत्युच्यते । मी०सूत्र २.१.३७ In the explanation of Mimamsa Sutras, Shabaraswami has also expresses that singing of richas in a special way is called Sama.
 == Philosophical and Spiritual Nature of Samaveda ==
 The philosophical and spiritual form of Samaveda has been described in [[Brahmana (ब्राह्मणम्)|Brahmana]] texts. Samaveda is pertinent to Upasana. It mainly contains a collection of mantras of spiritual nature.
-साम प्राणं प्र पद्ये | यजु० ३६.१ - Yajurveda says that Samaveda is vital element, that is, life force increases from Samaveda. <blockquote>प्राणो वै साम । शत० १४.८.१४.३
+साम प्राणं प्र पद्ये | यजु० ३६.१ - Yajurveda says that Samaveda is vital element, that is, life force increases from Samaveda. The same thing has been said in Shatapatha Brahmin and Jaiminiya  Brahmana. <blockquote>प्राणो वै साम । शत० १४.८.१४.३
-स यः प्राणस्तत् साम । जैमि० उप० व्रा० १,२५.१०</blockquote>As mentioned in Shatapatha and Jaiminiya Brahmana, Samaveda includes a vital and life force. It is the coordination of Rik and Geeti as per Jaiminiya Brahmana says that it is the coordination of speech principle (सा Sa) and vital principle (अम Am).
+. In Chandogya Upanishad, the essence of the Rik mantras has been described as Samaveda and the essence of Samaveda is Udgeetha (Pranav, Omkar, Om). Udgeetha has been described as the most precious juice in the world. In this way Samaveda propounds Om or Paramatma. (ऋचः साम रसः, साम्न उद्गीथो रसः । रसतमः परमः परार्ध्यः .. उदमीथः । छा० १,१.२ ओर ३)
-Speech is the word Brahman and life is the power in it. Samveda is representative of Sun, hence it has solar energy. Sun exists everywhere with equality, hence due to equality Sun is Samaveda. Sama is the meaningful form of Sama. Samaveda is the sun and of Samaveda
+. Samveda is composed of geeti and is termed as the Veda of music. Music is the best knowledge in the world, hence Samaveda is praised among the four Vedas. The one who sings Samveda has been praised by calling him 'Samaga'. (सामगेभिः  अ० २,१२.४)
-The root of music with seven Swaras is Samaveda. Sastras convey that the divine blessed  in the form of Sama Gana many mantras of eulogy from Rigveda. Maharishis listened to these ganas with their divine ears and sang them.
+. Samveda is a symbol of awareness. Therefore, it is said in Rigveda that the one who is aware, likes Rigveda and Samaveda. (यो जागार तमृचः .... तमु सामानि यन्ति । ऋग् ० ५.४.१४)
-The Sama Veda represents the ecstasy of adhyatmik knowledge and the power of devotion. The Rig Veda is the word, the Sama Veda is the song or the meaning. The Rig Veda is the knowledge, the Sama Veda its realization. Hence the two always go together like husband and wife. The Rig Veda is the wife and the Sama is the husband.
+. Samagaan is the best way to praise and please deities. Music sung with a pure heart attracts all divine entities. That is why it is said in Rigveda that one should sing with a pure heart.
 ==References==
 <references />
 #https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/prkannan/Sama%20Veda-%20An%20Introduction.pdf Book by Sri P.R. Kannan found at https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/prkannan/
 #http://www.hindunet.org/vedas/samveda/index.htm
 [[Category:Vedas]]