Samanya Dharma (सामान्यधर्मः) - Revision history

Ckanak93 at 07:09, 16 July 2024

2024-07-16T07:09:13Z

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2024-07-16T07:08:43Z

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Fordharma: /* ज्ञाने ॥ In Jnana */ added hyperlink

2022-10-07T06:23:57Z

ज्ञाने ॥ In Jnana: added hyperlink

Ckanak93: /* वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya */

2022-01-17T07:51:10Z

वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya

Ckanak93: /* वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya */ Adding content with reference, editing and formatting

2022-01-17T07:48:46Z

वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya: Adding content with reference, editing and formatting

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Ckanak93: /* ब्रह्मचर्यम् ॥ Brahmacharya */

2022-01-06T12:20:19Z

ब्रह्मचर्यम् ॥ Brahmacharya

Ckanak93: /* दानम् ॥ Dana */

2022-01-06T12:18:58Z

दानम् ॥ Dana

Ckanak93: /* अस्तेयम् || Asteya */

2022-01-06T12:17:41Z

अस्तेयम् || Asteya

Ckanak93: /* सत्यम् || Satya */

2022-01-06T12:14:48Z

सत्यम् || Satya

Ckanak93: Added hyperlinks and categories

2022-01-06T11:58:01Z

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 Samanya Dharma (Samskrit: सामान्यधर्मः) refers to the tenets that are uniformly applicable to everyone in a society. They are universal principles prescribed to be practiced by all.
-[[File:Slide 3.jpg|thumb|502x502px|'''Samanya Dharma''']]
+[[File:Slide 3.jpg|thumb|521x521px|'''Samanya Dharma''']]
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:08, 16 July 2024
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	Samanya Dharma (Samskrit: सामान्यधर्मः) refers to the tenets that are uniformly applicable to everyone in a society. They are universal principles prescribed to be practiced by all.		Samanya Dharma (Samskrit: सामान्यधर्मः) refers to the tenets that are uniformly applicable to everyone in a society. They are universal principles prescribed to be practiced by all.
		+	[[File:Slide 3.jpg\|thumb\|502x502px\|'''Samanya Dharma''']]

	== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==		== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

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-Samanya Dharma (Samskrit: सामान्यधर्मः) refers to the tenets that are uniformly applicable to everyone in a society. They are universal principles prescribed to be practised by all.
+Samanya Dharma (Samskrit: सामान्यधर्मः) refers to the tenets that are uniformly applicable to everyone in a society. They are universal principles prescribed to be practiced by all.
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 # सामान्यधर्मः (Samanya Dharma) : This deals with the ethical principles like truth, non-injury, non-stealing, etc., which are common duties of all beings. They are universal principles applicable to all irrespective of their class, gender or nationality.<ref name=":2">Nithin Sridhar, [http://indiafacts.org/varna-vyavastha-as-a-conceptual-social-order-that-facilitates-self-actualization/ Varṇa vyavastha as a conceptual social order that facilitates self-actualization], indiafacts.org</ref> For eg. Goodness is not a property of any one class, creed, sect or community. It is a virtue every human being should possess. Thus, Samanya Dharma is the general law for all human beings.<ref name=":1" />
-# विशेषधर्मः (Vishesha Dharma) : These are special duties, which are unique to every individual depending on the kala (time), desha (place), varna and ashrama.<ref name=":2" /> For eg. The [[Varnashrama Dharma (वर्णाश्रमधर्मः)|Varnashrama Dharmas]] are special Dharmas to be practised by particular groups of people and by people in particular stages of life. However, Samanya Dharmas must be practised by all, irrespective of distinctions of Varna and Ashrama, creed or colour.<ref name=":1" />
+# विशेषधर्मः (Vishesha Dharma) : These are special duties, which are unique to every individual depending on the kala (time), desha (place), varna and ashrama.<ref name=":2" /> For eg. The [[Varnashrama Dharma (वर्णाश्रमधर्मः)|Varnashrama Dharmas]] are special Dharmas to be practiced by particular groups of people and by people in particular stages of life. However, Samanya Dharmas must be practiced by all, irrespective of distinctions of Varna and Ashrama, creed or colour.<ref name=":1" />
 == वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya ==
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 The Upanishads lay down the requisite qualifications for a person to become eligible to practise Vedanta. The Taittiriya Upanishad, through the instructions imparted by the preceptor to students after having taught the [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]] says,  <blockquote>सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर । स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः ।<ref>Taittiriya Upanishad, Shikshavalli, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80#%E0%A5%A5_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A5 Anuvaka 11]</ref> satyaṁ vada । dharmaṁ cara । svādhyāyānmā pramadaḥ ।</blockquote>Meaning: Speak the truth. Practise righteousness. Make no mistake about self-study.
-[[Adi Shankaracharya (आदिशङ्कराचार्यः)|Adi Shankaracharya]] also, in his Vivekachudamani, enumerates the basic qualifications necessary to practise Vedanta called Sadhana Chatushtaya or the fourfold spiritual practice. It includes discernment, dispassion, control of the internal organs, control of the external sense organs, forbearance, withdrawal of the mind from external sense objects, faith in the [[Guru (गुरुः)|guru]] and scriptures, one-pointed meditation on [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|Brahman]] and an intense desire for moksha.
+[[Adi Shankaracharya (आदिशङ्कराचार्यः)|Adi Shankaracharya]] also, in his Vivekachudamani, enumerates the basic qualifications necessary to practise Vedanta called [[Sadhana Chatushtaya (साधनचतुष्टयम्)]] or the fourfold spiritual practice. It includes discernment, dispassion, control of the internal organs, control of the external sense organs, forbearance, withdrawal of the mind from external sense objects, faith in the [[Guru (गुरुः)|guru]] and scriptures, one-pointed meditation on [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|Brahman]] and an intense desire for moksha.
 These are either the tenets of Samanya Dharma themselves or those that are attained through the practice of Samanya Dharma. Hence, the tenets of Samanya Dharma are very vital in the path of knowledge as well.<ref name=":7" />

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 == वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya ==
 Dharmas common to all<ref name=":0" /> referred to as Samanya Dharmas, numbering between 5-30, are mentioned across the [[Vaidika Vangmaya (वैदिकवाङ्मयम्)|Vaidika Vangmaya]] texts such as  the [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrtis]], [[Itihasa (इतिहासः)|Itihasa]] and [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Puranas]]. These tenets applicable to everyone,<ref name=":2" /> as they occur in various texts, are enumerated below.
 {| class="wikitable"
 ![[Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)|Manusmrti]]
 ![[Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)|Arthashastra]]
@@ Line 63: / Line 62: @@
 dānaṁ damo dayā kṣāntiḥ sarveṣāṁ dharmasādhanam ॥ 1.122 ॥
 |}
 {| class="wikitable"
 ![[Mahabharata (महाभारतम्)|Mahabharata]]
 !Vamana Purana
@@ Line 108: / Line 106: @@
 # Tirtha Anusarana (Visiting tirtha kshetras)
 # Dana (Munificence)
-# [[Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम्)|Brahmacharya]] (Celibacy)
+#[[Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम्)|Brahmacharya]] (Celibacy)
 # Amatsara (Non-jealous)
 # Deva Dvijati Guru Shushrusha (Service to deities, brahmanas and preceptors)

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	=== ब्रह्मचर्यम् ॥ Brahmacharya ===		=== ब्रह्मचर्यम् ॥ Brahmacharya ===
		+	{{Main article\|Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम्)}}
	Brahmacharya refers to a practise of celibacy. The Shandilya Upanishad defines brahmacharya as ‘the renunciation of copulation at all times in thought, word and action’.<blockquote>ब्रह्मचर्यं नाम सर्वावस्थासु मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः सर्वत्र मैथुनत्यागः ।<ref name=":8" />		Brahmacharya refers to a practise of celibacy. The Shandilya Upanishad defines brahmacharya as ‘the renunciation of copulation at all times in thought, word and action’.<blockquote>ब्रह्मचर्यं नाम सर्वावस्थासु मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः सर्वत्र मैथुनत्यागः ।<ref name=":8" />

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	=== दानम् ॥ Dana ===		=== दानम् ॥ Dana ===
		+	{{Main article\|Dana (दानम्)}}
	The Shandilya Upanishad says that Dana means the giving away of ‘ethically earned money, grains and the like.’<blockquote>दानं नाम न्यायार्जितस्य धनधान्यादिः श्रद्धयार्हितेभ्यः प्रदानम् ।<ref name=":8" /> dānaṁ nāma nyāyārjitasya dhanadhānyādiḥ śraddhayārhitebhyaḥ pradānam । </blockquote>The [[Bhagavad Gita (भगवद्गीता)\|Bhagavad Gita]] speaks of three kinds of Dana viz. Sattvika, Rajasika and Tamasika.<blockquote>दातव्यमिति यद्दानं दीयतेऽनुपकारिणे । देशे काले च पात्रे च तद्दानं सात्त्विकं स्मृतम् ॥१७.२०॥		The Shandilya Upanishad says that Dana means the giving away of ‘ethically earned money, grains and the like.’<blockquote>दानं नाम न्यायार्जितस्य धनधान्यादिः श्रद्धयार्हितेभ्यः प्रदानम् ।<ref name=":8" /> dānaṁ nāma nyāyārjitasya dhanadhānyādiḥ śraddhayārhitebhyaḥ pradānam । </blockquote>The [[Bhagavad Gita (भगवद्गीता)\|Bhagavad Gita]] speaks of three kinds of Dana viz. Sattvika, Rajasika and Tamasika.<blockquote>दातव्यमिति यद्दानं दीयतेऽनुपकारिणे । देशे काले च पात्रे च तद्दानं सात्त्विकं स्मृतम् ॥१७.२०॥

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:17, 6 January 2022
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	=== अस्तेयम् \|\| Asteya ===		=== अस्तेयम् \|\| Asteya ===
		+	{{Main article\|Asteya (अस्तेयम् )}}
	Any thought, speech or action that amounts to stealing or misappropriation by force or fraud is Steya. And Asteya is the opposite of that.<ref name=":7" /> Hence, the Shandilya Upanishad explains Asteya as,<blockquote>अस्तेयं नाम मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः परद्रव्येषु निःस्पृहा ।<ref name=":8" /> asteyaṁ nāma manovākkāyakarmabhiḥ paradravyeṣu niḥspr̥hā ।</blockquote>It refers to non-stealing,<ref name=":2" /> not coveting the property of others<ref name=":0" /> and not acquiring illegitimate wealth. Infact, the practice of Asteya prohibits even the desire to secure wealth by illegitimate methods that makes even people in noble professions exploit the miseries of others to make more and more money in utter disregard to professional ethics.<ref name=":5" />		Any thought, speech or action that amounts to stealing or misappropriation by force or fraud is Steya. And Asteya is the opposite of that.<ref name=":7" /> Hence, the Shandilya Upanishad explains Asteya as,<blockquote>अस्तेयं नाम मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः परद्रव्येषु निःस्पृहा ।<ref name=":8" /> asteyaṁ nāma manovākkāyakarmabhiḥ paradravyeṣu niḥspr̥hā ।</blockquote>It refers to non-stealing,<ref name=":2" /> not coveting the property of others<ref name=":0" /> and not acquiring illegitimate wealth. Infact, the practice of Asteya prohibits even the desire to secure wealth by illegitimate methods that makes even people in noble professions exploit the miseries of others to make more and more money in utter disregard to professional ethics.<ref name=":5" />

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	=== सत्यम् \|\| Satya ===		=== सत्यम् \|\| Satya ===
		+	{{Main article\|Satya (सत्यम्)}}
	Satya refers to truthfulness.<ref name=":0" /> And the practice of Satya as a Dharma entails practice of truthfulness in thoughts, speech and actions in day to day life by every one.<ref name=":5" /> Manusmrti explains that Satya or truth is to align thought, speech and action with reality and speak that reality for the welfare of living beings. <blockquote>सत्यं नाम मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिर्भूतहितयथार्थाभिभाषणम् ।<ref name=":8">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Shandilya Upanishad]</ref> satyaṁ nāma manovākkāyakarmabhirbhūtahitayathārthābhibhāṣaṇam ।</blockquote>At the same time, it also emphasizes that truth must be spoken in a pleasant manner which is another very important aspect in the practice of Satya. The Manusmrti says,<blockquote>सत्यं ब्रूयात्प्रियं ब्रूयान्न ब्रूयात्सत्यं अप्रियम् । प्रियं च नानृतं ब्रूयादेष धर्मः सनातनः । । ४.१३८ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4]</ref>		Satya refers to truthfulness.<ref name=":0" /> And the practice of Satya as a Dharma entails practice of truthfulness in thoughts, speech and actions in day to day life by every one.<ref name=":5" /> Manusmrti explains that Satya or truth is to align thought, speech and action with reality and speak that reality for the welfare of living beings. <blockquote>सत्यं नाम मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिर्भूतहितयथार्थाभिभाषणम् ।<ref name=":8">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Shandilya Upanishad]</ref> satyaṁ nāma manovākkāyakarmabhirbhūtahitayathārthābhibhāṣaṇam ।</blockquote>At the same time, it also emphasizes that truth must be spoken in a pleasant manner which is another very important aspect in the practice of Satya. The Manusmrti says,<blockquote>सत्यं ब्रूयात्प्रियं ब्रूयान्न ब्रूयात्सत्यं अप्रियम् । प्रियं च नानृतं ब्रूयादेष धर्मः सनातनः । । ४.१३८ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4]</ref>