Pancha Avayavas (पञ्चावयवाः) - Revision history

https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Pancha_Avayavas_%28%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%29 Pancha Avayavas (पञ्चावयवाः) - Revision history 2026-04-09T23:11:53Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.35.4 https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=125211&oldid=prev Pṛthvī: /* उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation */ 2020-05-14T10:01:07Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:01, 14 May 2020</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28" >Line 28:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is this latter or the second kind that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". Tatddharmabhavi (त्तद्धर्मभावी) means that which has bhava or presence of the dharma or property of tat or that. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is this latter or the second kind that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". Tatddharmabhavi (त्तद्धर्मभावी) means that which has bhava or presence of the dharma or property of tat or that. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reaafirmation </del> ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reaffirmation </ins> ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upanaya is the Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary), a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Re-affirmation</del>, made with the support of the Udaharana and is thus based on Upamana pramana.<blockquote>उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>udāharaṇāpēkṣaḥ tathā iti upasaṁhāraḥ na tathā iti vā sādhyasya upanayaḥ ॥38॥ {upanayalakṣaṇam} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)</blockquote>Upanaya (reaffirmation) is that which, depending on the Udaharana, reasserts the Sadhya (subject which is to be proved) as being "so" (i.e., as possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the Sadhya) or as being "not so" (i.e., as not possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, is to be opposite and with the negation of Udaharana). (Page No 69 of Reference <ref name=":6" />) <blockquote>साध्यासाधर्म्ययुक्ते उदाहरणे स्थाल्यादि द्रव्यमुत्यतिधर्मकत्वमुपसंह्रियते साध्यवैदर्म्ययुक्ते पुनरुदाहरणे आत्मादि द्रव्यमनुत्पत्तिधर्मकं नित्यं दृष्टं न च तथा शब्द इति अनुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वस्योपसंहारप्रतिषेधेन उत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वमुपसंहियते । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38) (PDF Page 91 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote><blockquote>sādhyāsādharmyayuktē udāharaṇē sthālyādi dravyamutyatidharmakatvamupasaṁhriyatē sādhyavaidarmyayuktē punarudāharaṇē ātmādi dravyamanutpattidharmakaṁ nityaṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ na ca tathā śabda iti anutpattidharmakatvasyōpasaṁhārapratiṣēdhēna utpattidharmakatvamupasaṁhiyatē । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)</blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upanaya is the Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary), a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reaffirmation</ins>, made with the support of the Udaharana and is thus based on Upamana pramana.<blockquote>उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>udāharaṇāpēkṣaḥ tathā iti upasaṁhāraḥ na tathā iti vā sādhyasya upanayaḥ ॥38॥ {upanayalakṣaṇam} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)</blockquote>Upanaya (reaffirmation) is that which, depending on the Udaharana, reasserts the Sadhya (subject which is to be proved) as being "so" (i.e., as possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the Sadhya) or as being "not so" (i.e., as not possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, is to be opposite and with the negation of Udaharana). (Page No 69 of Reference <ref name=":6" />) <blockquote>साध्यासाधर्म्ययुक्ते उदाहरणे स्थाल्यादि द्रव्यमुत्यतिधर्मकत्वमुपसंह्रियते साध्यवैदर्म्ययुक्ते पुनरुदाहरणे आत्मादि द्रव्यमनुत्पत्तिधर्मकं नित्यं दृष्टं न च तथा शब्द इति अनुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वस्योपसंहारप्रतिषेधेन उत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वमुपसंहियते । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38) (PDF Page 91 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote><blockquote>sādhyāsādharmyayuktē udāharaṇē sthālyādi dravyamutyatidharmakatvamupasaṁhriyatē sādhyavaidarmyayuktē punarudāharaṇē ātmādi dravyamanutpattidharmakaṁ nityaṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ na ca tathā śabda iti anutpattidharmakatvasyōpasaṁhārapratiṣēdhēna utpattidharmakatvamupasaṁhiyatē । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)</blockquote></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the homogenous one, which is similar to the subject, - e.g. when the Dish (plate) is cited as the example to show, that it is a product and is non-eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is so' i.e., 'Sound is a product'; where the characteristic of being a product is affirmed of the subject Sound.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the homogenous one, which is similar to the subject, - e.g. when the Dish (plate) is cited as the example to show, that it is a product and is non-eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is so' i.e., 'Sound is a product'; where the characteristic of being a product is affirmed of the subject Sound.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the heterogeneous one, which is opposite to the Subject - e.g. when the Atma is cited as an example of a substance, which not being a product, is eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is not so' therefore, 'Sound is a product'; where the character of being a product is reasserted of the subject Sound, through the denial of the affirmation of the character of not being produced. Thus there are two kinds of reafffirmation based on the two kinds of Udaharana. (Page No 69 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the heterogeneous one, which is opposite to the Subject - e.g. when the Atma is cited as an example of a substance, which not being a product, is eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is not so' therefore, 'Sound is a product'; where the character of being a product is reasserted of the subject Sound, through the denial of the affirmation of the character of not being produced. Thus there are two kinds of reafffirmation based on the two kinds of Udaharana. (Page No 69 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

Pṛthvī https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=116834&oldid=prev Fordharma: /* पञ्च-अवयवाः ॥ Pancha Avayavas */ added transliteration 2019-01-18T04:49:48Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">पञ्च-अवयवाः ॥ Pancha Avayavas: </span> added transliteration</span></p> <a href="https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=116834&oldid=116791">Show changes</a>

Fordharma https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=116791&oldid=prev Fordharma: /* उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation */ 2019-01-17T06:57:51Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:57, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l27" >Line 27:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upanaya is the Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary), a Re-affirmation, made with the support of the Udaharana and is thus based on Upamana pramana.<blockquote>उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Upanaya (reaffirmation) is that which, depending on the Udaharana, reasserts the Sadhya (subject which is to be proved) as being "so" (i.e., as possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Udaharana</del>) or as being "not so" (i.e., as not possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concomitant </del>with the negation of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>Udaharana). (Page No 69 of Reference <ref name=":6" />) <blockquote>साध्यासाधर्म्ययुक्ते उदाहरणे स्थाल्यादि द्रव्यमुत्यतिधर्मकत्वमुपसंह्रियते साध्यवैदर्म्ययुक्ते पुनरुदाहरणे आत्मादि द्रव्यमनुत्पत्तिधर्मकं नित्यं दृष्टं न च तथा शब्द इति अनुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वस्योपसंहारप्रतिषेधेन उत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वमुपसंहियते । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38) (PDF Page 91 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upanaya is the Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary), a Re-affirmation, made with the support of the Udaharana and is thus based on Upamana pramana.<blockquote>उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Upanaya (reaffirmation) is that which, depending on the Udaharana, reasserts the Sadhya (subject which is to be proved) as being "so" (i.e., as possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sadhya</ins>) or as being "not so" (i.e., as not possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </ins>to be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opposite and </ins>with the negation of Udaharana). (Page No 69 of Reference <ref name=":6" />) <blockquote>साध्यासाधर्म्ययुक्ते उदाहरणे स्थाल्यादि द्रव्यमुत्यतिधर्मकत्वमुपसंह्रियते साध्यवैदर्म्ययुक्ते पुनरुदाहरणे आत्मादि द्रव्यमनुत्पत्तिधर्मकं नित्यं दृष्टं न च तथा शब्द इति अनुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वस्योपसंहारप्रतिषेधेन उत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वमुपसंहियते । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38) (PDF Page 91 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the homogenous one, which is similar to the subject, - e.g. when the Dish (plate) is cited as the example to show, that it is a product and is non-eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is so' i.e., 'Sound is a product'; where the characteristic of being a product is affirmed of the subject Sound.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the homogenous one, which is similar to the subject, - e.g. when the Dish (plate) is cited as the example to show, that it is a product and is non-eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is so' i.e., 'Sound is a product'; where the characteristic of being a product is affirmed of the subject Sound.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the heterogeneous one, which is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dissimilar </del>to the Subject - e.g. when the Atma is cited as an example of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>substance, which not being a product, is eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is not so' therefore, 'Sound is a product'; where the character of being a product is reasserted of the subject Sound, through the denial of the affirmation of the character of not being produced. Thus there are two kinds of reafffirmation based on the two kinds of Udaharana. (Page No 69 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the heterogeneous one, which is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opposite </ins>to the Subject - e.g. when the Atma is cited as an example of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a </ins>substance, which not being a product, is eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is not so' therefore, 'Sound is a product'; where the character of being a product is reasserted of the subject Sound, through the denial of the affirmation of the character of not being produced. Thus there are two kinds of reafffirmation based on the two kinds of Udaharana. (Page No 69 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== निगमनम् ॥ Nigamana : Statement of Conclusion ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== निगमनम् ॥ Nigamana : Statement of Conclusion ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nigamana is the Statement of the Final Conclusion. It is the indication of the capability of the aforesaid statements to arrive at a single conclusion pertaining to the same object or purpose.<blockquote>हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.39)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Nigamana is the Statement of the Final Conclusion which is the restatement of the Pratijna on the basis of Hetu. <blockquote>साधर्म्योक्ते <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">वा </del>वैधर्म्योक्ते वा यथोदाहरणमुपसंह्रियते तस्मादुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वादनित्यः शब्द इति निगमनम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.39) (PDF Page 92 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>The Hetu having been stated either per similarity or per dissimilarity, we have a recapitulation (of the entire reasoning) in accordance with the Hetu; and this recapitulation constitutes the final conclusion; which is in the form "Therefore, having the character of product, Sound is non-eternal." This has been called "Nigamana (Final Conclusion)" because it serves to connect or string together (निगमयन्ते अनेन) the Pratijna (Proposition), Hetu (Reasoning), Udaharana (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Example</del>), and the Upanaya (Reaffirmation); the word nigamyante (निगमयन्ते) being synonymous with the samarthyante (समर्थन्यते) and sambadhyante (संबध्यन्ते).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nigamana is the Statement of the Final Conclusion. It is the indication of the capability of the aforesaid statements to arrive at a single conclusion pertaining to the same object or purpose.<blockquote>हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.39)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Nigamana is the Statement of the Final Conclusion which is the restatement of the Pratijna on the basis of Hetu. <blockquote>साधर्म्योक्ते वैधर्म्योक्ते वा यथोदाहरणमुपसंह्रियते तस्मादुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वादनित्यः शब्द इति निगमनम् ।<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">... </ins>(Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.39) (PDF Page 92 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>The Hetu having been stated either per similarity or per dissimilarity, we have a recapitulation (of the entire reasoning) in accordance with the Hetu; and this recapitulation constitutes the final conclusion; which is in the form "Therefore, having the character of product, Sound is non-eternal." This has been called "Nigamana (Final Conclusion)" because it serves to connect or string together (निगमयन्ते अनेन) the Pratijna (Proposition), Hetu (Reasoning), Udaharana (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Instance</ins>), and the Upanaya (Reaffirmation); the word nigamyante (निगमयन्ते) being synonymous with the samarthyante (समर्थन्यते) and sambadhyante (संबध्यन्ते).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the Hetu has been stated per similarity, the Pratijna is in the form of the statement "Sound is non-eternal". Hetu here is stated as "because it has the characteristic of being a product"; the example is in the form "things like the dish or plate, which have the characteristic of being a product, are all non-eternal". And the Reaffirmation is stated as "Sound also has the same characteristic of being a product; the Final Conclusion is thus "therefore, having the characteristic of being a product Sound is non-eternal."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the Hetu has been stated per similarity, the Pratijna is in the form of the statement "Sound is non-eternal". Hetu here is stated as "because it has the characteristic of being a product"; the example is in the form "things like the dish or plate, which have the characteristic of being a product, are all non-eternal". And the Reaffirmation is stated as "Sound also has the same characteristic of being a product; the Final Conclusion is thus "therefore, having the characteristic of being a product Sound is non-eternal."</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l42" >Line 42:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 42:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Prayojana of Avayavas ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Prayojana of Avayavas ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Each of the five avayavas have a definite role in establishing the process of reasoning. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Each of the five avayavas have a definite role in establishing the process of reasoning. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Pratijna serves the purpose of mentioning the relation between the characteristic to be proved and the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Subject</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Pratijna serves the purpose of mentioning the relation between the characteristic to be proved and the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subject</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Hetu serves the purpose of stating the fact of a certain <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">characteristic</del>, which is either similar or dissimilar to what is stated in the Udaharana, proving what is to be proved</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Hetu serves the purpose of stating the fact of a certain <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">character</ins>, which is either similar or dissimilar to what is stated in the Udaharana, proving what is to be proved</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Udaharana serves the purpose of indicating the presence of a relation of '''proof and proved'' ', of a common <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">characteristic </del>manifested in two different things</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Udaharana serves the purpose of indicating the presence of a relation of '''proof and proved'' ', of a common <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">character </ins>manifested in two different things <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">namely the subject and Udaharana</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Upanaya serves the purpose of indicating the coexistence (in the Subject) of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">characteristic </del>put forward both in the Subject and the Udaharana</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Upanaya serves the purpose of indicating the coexistence <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(साधर्मम्यम्) or non-existence (वैधर्मम्यम्) </ins>(in the Subject) of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">character </ins>put forward both in the Subject and the Udaharana</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Nigamana serves the purpose of showing that it is not possible to deny, in regard to the particular characteristic, the relation of '''proof and proved'' ' which has been found, in the Udaharana, to subsist between the two things namely Subject and Udaharana</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Nigamana serves the purpose of showing that it is not possible to deny, in regard to the particular characteristic, the relation of '''proof and proved'' ' which has been found, in the Udaharana, to subsist between the two things namely Subject and Udaharana</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pramanas and Avayavas ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pramanas and Avayavas ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In every inferential statement, which consists of the five factors, several distinct pramanas <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">commingle </del>and cooperate towards the accomplishment of the statement as in the following cases -</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In every inferential statement, which consists of the five factors, several distinct pramanas <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">co-mingle </ins>and cooperate towards the accomplishment of the statement as in the following cases -</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>a) In the inference about Shabda, the Pratijna (Sound is non-eternal) comes under Shabda Pramana, verbal cognition and verbal assertion, unless it is heard directly from a Rshi and stands the need of corroboration by Pratyaksha and Anumana pramanas.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>a) In the inference about Shabda, the Pratijna (Sound is non-eternal) comes under Shabda Pramana, verbal cognition and verbal assertion, unless it is heard directly from a Rshi and stands the need of corroboration by Pratyaksha and Anumana pramanas.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l55" >Line 55:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 55:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>b) In the statement of Hetu, we have an Anumana pramana being deduced, from the cognition of similarity given by the instances or examples. This is clearly explained in the Bhashya dealing with the Statement of Instance.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>b) In the statement of Hetu, we have an Anumana pramana being deduced, from the cognition of similarity given by the instances or examples. This is clearly explained in the Bhashya dealing with the Statement of Instance.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>c) The statements of Udaharana represents the Pratyaksha thereby understanding the "<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unseen</del>" (unknown or uncertain conclusion) from the "<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seen</del>" (from the perception of the example or illustration).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>c) The statements of Udaharana represents the Pratyaksha thereby understanding the "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unperceived</ins>" (unknown or uncertain conclusion) from the "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">perceived</ins>" (from the perception of the example or illustration).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>d) Reaffirmation is in the form of Upamana or Analogy as it is expressed in the form of (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">comparision</del>) statements like "as that so this" or "this is not as that is"; when there is denial of the analogous character; in which case the reaffirmation is in the form of denial of the contrary character.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>d) Reaffirmation is in the form of Upamana or Analogy as it is expressed in the form of (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">comparison</ins>) statements like "as that so this" or "this is not as that is"; when there is denial of the analogous character; in which case the reaffirmation is in the form of denial of the contrary character.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>e) The final conclusion serves to show how all the factors combined are capable of bringing about the cognition of a single <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">object</del>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>e) The final conclusion serves to show how all the factors combined are capable of bringing about the cognition of a single <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subject (Sadhya, what is to be proved)</ins>. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== सङ्ग्रह ॥ Summary ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== सङ्ग्रह ॥ Summary ==</div></td></tr> </table>

Fordharma https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=116789&oldid=prev Fordharma: /* उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance */ 2019-01-17T06:26:08Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:26, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21" >Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् </del>। (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement of an Instance which has a similar character which is also present in the Sadhya (साध्यः). What is to be proved, Sadhya, is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">इहेत्तरं तद्ग्रहणेन गृह्यते</ins>...। (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement of an Instance which has a similar character which is also present in the Sadhya (साध्यः). What is to be proved, Sadhya, is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property of (belonging to) an object, which is explicitly expressed; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound". (Here emphasis is on property of the object)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property of (belonging to) an object, which is explicitly expressed; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound". (Here emphasis is on property of the object <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">namely Non-etarnality</ins>)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In other cases it is the object which is expressed through a property, as when we assert that "sound is non eternal". (Here emphasis is on the object) (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In other cases it is the object which is expressed through a property, as when we assert that "sound is non eternal". (Here emphasis is on the object <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">namely Sound</ins>) (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is this latter kind that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". Tatddharmabhavi (त्तद्धर्मभावी) means that which has bhava or presence of the dharma or property of tat or that. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is this latter <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or the second </ins>kind that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". Tatddharmabhavi (त्तद्धर्मभावी) means that which has bhava or presence of the dharma or property of tat or that. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upanaya is the Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary), a Re-affirmation, made with the support of the Udaharana and is thus based on Upamana pramana.<blockquote>उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </del>reaffirmation is that which, depending on the Udaharana, reasserts the subject as being "so" (i.e., as possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Probandum</del>) or as being "not so" (i.e., as not possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the negation of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Probandum</del>). (Page No 69 of Reference <ref name=":6" />) <blockquote>साध्यासाधर्म्ययुक्ते उदाहरणे स्थाल्यादि द्रव्यमुत्यतिधर्मकत्वमुपसंह्रियते साध्यवैदर्म्ययुक्ते पुनरुदाहरणे आत्मादि द्रव्यमनुत्पत्तिधर्मकं नित्यं दृष्टं न च तथा शब्द इति अनुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वस्योपसंहारप्रतिषेधेन उत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वमुपसंहियते । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38) (PDF Page 91 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Upanaya is the Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary), a Re-affirmation, made with the support of the Udaharana and is thus based on Upamana pramana.<blockquote>उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Upanaya (</ins>reaffirmation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>is that which, depending on the Udaharana, reasserts the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sadhya (</ins>subject <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is to be proved) </ins>as being "so" (i.e., as possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Udaharana</ins>) or as being "not so" (i.e., as not possessing the character which has been found in the Udaharana, to be concomitant with the negation of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Udaharana</ins>). (Page No 69 of Reference <ref name=":6" />) <blockquote>साध्यासाधर्म्ययुक्ते उदाहरणे स्थाल्यादि द्रव्यमुत्यतिधर्मकत्वमुपसंह्रियते साध्यवैदर्म्ययुक्ते पुनरुदाहरणे आत्मादि द्रव्यमनुत्पत्तिधर्मकं नित्यं दृष्टं न च तथा शब्द इति अनुत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वस्योपसंहारप्रतिषेधेन उत्पत्तिधर्मकत्वमुपसंहियते । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.38) (PDF Page 91 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the homogenous one, which is similar to the subject, - e.g. when the Dish (plate) is cited as the example to show, that it is a product and is non-eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is so' i.e., 'Sound is a product'; where the characteristic of being a product is affirmed of the subject Sound.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the homogenous one, which is similar to the subject, - e.g. when the Dish (plate) is cited as the example to show, that it is a product and is non-eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is so' i.e., 'Sound is a product'; where the characteristic of being a product is affirmed of the subject Sound.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the heterogeneous one, which is dissimilar to the Subject - e.g. when the Atma is cited as an example of the substance, which not being a product, is eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is not so' therefore, 'Sound is a product'; where the character of being a product is reasserted of the subject Sound, through the denial of the affirmation of the character of not being produced. Thus there are two kinds of reafffirmation based on the two kinds of Udaharana. (Page No 69 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># When the Udaharana cited is the heterogeneous one, which is dissimilar to the Subject - e.g. when the Atma is cited as an example of the substance, which not being a product, is eternal, we have the reaffirmation stated in the form, 'Sound is not so' therefore, 'Sound is a product'; where the character of being a product is reasserted of the subject Sound, through the denial of the affirmation of the character of not being produced. Thus there are two kinds of reafffirmation based on the two kinds of Udaharana. (Page No 69 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

Fordharma https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=116788&oldid=prev Fordharma: /* उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance */ 2019-01-17T06:15:57Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:15, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l22" >Line 22:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 22:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement of an Instance which has a similar character which is also present in the Sadhya (साध्यः). What is to be proved, Sadhya, is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement of an Instance which has a similar character which is also present in the Sadhya (साध्यः). What is to be proved, Sadhya, is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as qualified by </del>(belonging to) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </ins>(belonging to) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an </ins>object<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is explicitly expressed</ins>; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound". <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Here emphasis is on property of the object)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others </del>it is the object <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as qualified by the </del>property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; and it is this latter that </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">referred to by </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pronoun "tat". </del>(Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other cases </ins>it is the object <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is expressed through a </ins>property, as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. (Here emphasis </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">object) </ins>(Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tatddharmabhavi (त्तद्धर्मभावी) means that which has bhava or presence of the dharma or property of tat or that. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is this latter kind that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". </ins>Tatddharmabhavi (त्तद्धर्मभावी) means that which has bhava or presence of the dharma or property of tat or that. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उपनयः ॥ Upanaya : Statement of Reaafirmation ===</div></td></tr> </table>

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<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:08, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21" >Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where there is </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similarity in the </del>character <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to what </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proved and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Instance</del>. What is to be proved, Sadhya <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(साध्यः)</del>, is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of an Instance which has </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar </ins>character <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also present in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sadhya (साध्यः)</ins>. What is to be proved, Sadhya, is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

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<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:04, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21" >Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Similarity to what </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proved consists </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be possessed of a character of that same i.e., that character of </del>what is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to be </del>proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मविशिष्टो वा धर्मी अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drsthanta (Udaharana) is defined as a statement where there </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a similarity </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">character </ins>to what is proved <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and the Instance</ins>. What is to be proved<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Sadhya (साध्यः), </ins>is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

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<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:54, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21" >Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">धर्मिविशिष्टो </del>वा <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">धर्मि </del>अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found to be possessed of a character of that same i.e., that character of what is to be proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which consists of the property dissimilar to what is to be proved. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">धर्मविशिष्टो </ins>वा <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">धर्मी </ins>अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found to be possessed of a character of that same i.e., that character of what is to be proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

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<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:53, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21" >Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contrary </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">what has been described in sutra 36</del>.<blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">साध्यसाधर्म्य त्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी </del>दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मि अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found to be possessed of a character of that same i.e., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tha </del>character of what is to be proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः). And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consists of the property dissimilar to what </ins>is to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be proved</ins>. <blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">साध्यसाधर्म्यात्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी </ins>दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मि अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found to be possessed of a character of that same i.e., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </ins>character of what is to be proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

Fordharma https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Pancha_Avayavas_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83)&diff=116783&oldid=prev Fordharma: /* उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance */ 2019-01-17T05:48:57Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:48, 17 January 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21" >Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== उदाहरणम् ॥ Udaharana : Statement of Instance ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः).<blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्य त्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मि अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found to be possessed of a character of that same i.e., tha character of what is to be proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Udaharana is the Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) and based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययाद्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. And another kind of Statement of Instance is that which is contrary to what has been described in sutra 36</ins>.<blockquote>साध्येन साधर्म्यं समानधर्मता साध्यसाधर्म्य त्कारणात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्त इति । तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मः । तस्य साध्यस्य । साध्यं च द्विविधं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मः शब्दस्यानित्यत्वं धर्मिविशिष्टो वा धर्मि अनित्यः शब्द इति। ... तस्य धर्मस्तद्धर्मस्तस्य भावस्तद्धर्मभावः स यस्मिन् दृष्टान्ते वर्तते स दृष्टान्तः साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी भवति स चोदाहरणमिष्यते तच्च यदुत्पद्यते तदुत्पत्तिधर्मकम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37) (PDF Pages 89 and 90 of Reference<ref name=":5" />)</blockquote>Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both; when by reason of this similarity, the familiar instance is found to be possessed of a character of that same i.e., tha character of what is to be proved. What is to be proved is of two kinds </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># in some cases it is the property as qualified by (belonging to) the object; as when we assert the "non-eternality of sound".</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># In others it is the object as qualified by the property,as when we assert that "sound is non eternal"; and it is this latter that is referred to by the pronoun "tat". (Page No 65 to 68 Reference <ref name=":6" />).</div></td></tr> </table>

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