Mercury or Parada (पारद) - Revision history

Fordharma: /* Ores of Mercury */

2024-10-27T18:37:55Z

Ores of Mercury

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Ores of Mercury

Fordharma: /* पारदस्य दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada */

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पारदस्य दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada

Fordharma: /* पारदस्य दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada */

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पारदस्य दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada

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Fordharma: /* पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada */

2024-10-27T15:21:05Z

पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada

Fordharma: /* Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury */

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Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury

Fordharma: /* पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada */

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पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada

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Fordharma: /* स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics */

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स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics

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स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics

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 == स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics ==
-Mercury is available in native and ore forms. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature.  Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). It boils at 356.62 °C (673.91 °F).  It is a rather poor conductor of heat but a fair conductor of electricity. It alloys with copper, tin, and zinc to form amalgams, or liquid alloys. An amalgam with silver is used as a filling in dentistry. Mercury does not wet glass or cling to it, and this property, coupled with its rapid and uniform volume expansion throughout its liquid range, made it useful in thermometers.<ref name=":3" />
+Mercury is available in native and ore forms. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature.  Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). It boils at 356.62 °C (673.91 °F).  It is a rather poor conductor of heat but a fair conductor of electricity. It alloys with copper, tin, and zinc to form amalgams, or liquid alloys. An amalgam with silver is used as a filling in dentistry. Mercury does not wet glass or cling to it, and this property, coupled with its rapid and uniform volume expansion throughout its liquid range, made it useful in thermometers.<ref name=":3" /> Mercury is a silver white liquid metal with a slight bluish tinge in thin films. It transmits ultra-violet light.
 According to Ayurveda texts<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अन्तसुनीलो बहिरुज्ज्वलो यो मध्यान्हसूर्यप्रतिमप्रकाशः । शस्तोऽध धूम्रः परिपाण्डुराश्च चित्रो न योज्यो रसकर्मासिद्धौ ॥ (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 * Oxide Ore
 ** Monotroydite (HgO)
-Extraction of mercury from cinnabar involves the following steps.
+=== Extraction of Mercury and Its Purification - Modern Method ===
 # Crushing and Concentration: The ore is crushed and finely powdered in ball mills and then concentrated by frost process.
 # Combined Roasting and Distillation: The concentrated ore is placed on the perforated arches and heated by flames rising from the furnace below mercuric oxide first formed by the oxidation of cinnabar, decomposes at about 50<sup>o</sup>K to give mercury
-# HgS + 3O<sub>2</sub> → 2HgO + 2SO<sub>2</sub>
+HgS + 3O<sub>2</sub> → 2HgO + 2SO<sub>2</sub>
-# 2HgO → 2Hg + O<sub>2</sub>
 == रासभेदाः ॥ Types of Parada ==

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 * Oxide Ore
 ** Monotroydite (HgO)
 == रासभेदाः ॥ Types of Parada ==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin ''hydrargyrum'', “liquid silver.”<ref name=":3">Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element</nowiki>.</ref> It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.
-According to Ayurveda [[Rasashastra (रसशास्त्रम्)|Rasashastra]], ''Rasa (रस)'' is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.<ref name=":2">Sekhar Reddy, P. ''A textbook of Rasashastra''. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia (pp.72-)</ref>
+According to Ayurveda [[Rasashastra (रसशास्त्रम्)|Rasashastra]], ''Rasa (रस)'' is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.<ref name=":2">Sekhar Reddy, P. ''A textbook of Rasashastra''. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia (pp.72-126)</ref>
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
@@ Line 222: / Line 222: @@
 parpaṭī pāṭanī bhēdī drāvī malakarī tathā | andhakārī tathā dhvāṁkṣī vijñēyāḥ sapta kaṁcukāḥ ||</blockquote>
-# Bhedi (tearing)
+# '''Bhedi (tearing)'''
-# Malakad (causing impurities)
+# '''Malakad (causing impurities)'''
-# Dravi (liquefying)
+# '''Dravi (liquefying)'''
-# Dhvanksi (causing darkness of skin)
+# '''Dhvanksi (causing darkness of skin)'''
-# Parpatika (producing scales on the skin)
+# '''Parpatika (producing scales on the skin)'''
-# Patanakari (rupturing)
+# '''Patanakari (rupturing)'''
-# Andhakari (causing blindness)
+# '''Andhakari (causing blindness)'''
 According to modern chemistry Kanchuka layer is formed by the oxidation of impure metals present in the impure mercury. On contact with oxygen in the air, these metallic impurities form a film on the surface of mercury exposed to air.<ref name=":2" />
 === Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury ===
 Ayurveda Prakasa and Rasatarangini enumerates the harmful effects of unpurified mercury which has the above mentioned doshas. <blockquote>नागाद् व्रणं भवेत्कुष्ठं वङ्गात्तापोऽग्निदोषतः । मलाज्जड्यं तु चापल्याद् बोजनाशो विषान्मृतिः ।॥८॥ nāgād vraṇaṁ bhavētkuṣṭhaṁ vaṅgāttāpō’gnidōṣataḥ | malājjaḍyaṁ tu cāpalyād bōjanāśō viṣānmr̥tiḥ |||8||
 गिरेः स्फोटोऽथ मोहश्च ह्यसह्याग्नेः प्रजायते । एतैर्दोषैर्विहीनञ्च रसेन्द्रमिह योजयेत् ॥ ९॥ girēḥ sphōṭō’tha mōhaśca hyasahyāgnēḥ prajāyatē | ētairdōṣairvihīnañca rasēndramiha yōjayēt || 9|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.8-9)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>
@@ Line 311: / Line 312: @@
 === Transmutation of metals ===
 Kramana samskara is the process of transmutation of less valuable metals into more valuable metals such as gold, silver, etc. with the help of Vyavayi bheshaja drugs, and shuddha parada. It can be defined therapeutically as a process which helps in metensomatosis of the sapta [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] - Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medha, Asti, Majja and Shukra to make this human body immune to physical and pathological attacks.<ref name=":2" />
 === Mercury Poisoning ===

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 The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia. Mercury is Shadrasa (six tastes) having properties like Tridosha hara (alleviates all morbidities), Snigdha (unctuous), Rasayana (rejuvenative), Yogavahi (fast acting), Maha vrishya (highly aphrodisiac), Drusti prada (good for eyes) and Bala prada (strength promoting). Purified Mercury cures all diseases specifically skin disorders. Mercurial preparations show quick results in small doses. They cause instant Pachana (digestive) and Dipana (appetiser). Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain mukti.<ref name=":0" />
-== पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada ==
+== पारदस्य दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada ==
-Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions that due to the exceptional medicinal qualities of Jeeva (Parada) people did not age (jaraa), die (marana) or become ill due to diseases. They gradually came to have the longevity enjoyed by Indra and other devatas. Jealous of this Indra prayed to Mahadeva Shiva to introduce Kanchuki and other doshas in mercury.<ref name=":6" /> According to Rasatarangini, Parada has impurities as follows<blockquote>नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7|| <ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (nāga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (cāpalya), विष (viṣa ), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyāgni).  Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones.
+Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions that due to the exceptional medicinal qualities of Jeeva (Parada) people did not age (jaraa), die (marana) or become ill due to diseases. They gradually came to have the longevity enjoyed by Indra and other devatas. Jealous of this Indra prayed to Mahadeva Shiva to introduce Kanchuki and other doshas in mercury.<ref name=":6" /> According to Rasatarangini, Parada has impurities as follows<blockquote>नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7|| <ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (nāga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (cāpalya), विष (viṣa ), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyāgni).  Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones. There is considerable variation in the types of doshas classified under Naisargika, Yougika and Oupadika doshas and hence a variation in the number of doshas is observed.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+General classification of Doshas (impurities) in Mercury<ref name=":0" />
+|+General classification of Doshas (impurities) in Mercury<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
 !No
 !Name of Dosha
@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 |Naisargika
 |Visha, Vahni and Mala (3)
+|नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥
 |-
 |2
 |Yougika
-|Naga (Lead) and Vanga (Tin) (2)
+|Naga (Lead) and Vanga (Tin) (2) as per Rasa Ratna samucchaya.
 |यौगिकौ नागवङ्गौ द्वैतौ जाड्याध्मान कुष्ठादौ । (Rasa Ratna Samu 11.18)
 |-
@@ Line 207: / Line 208: @@
 |Oupadika
 |Kanchuka and other doshas (7)
+|औपाधिकाः पुनश्चान्ये कीर्तिताः सप्तकञ्चुकाः । भूमिज गिरिजा वर्जा द्वे च द्वे नागवङ्गजौ ॥ (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.11)
 |}
 Apart from the above mentioned natural adulterations of Parada, treatises on Rasashastra mention about extra impurities of Parada (Para) in form of encapsulation or external coverings. These layers of extra impurities are known as Kanchukas and as they are seven in number called to as Sapta (7)- Kanchuka (covers) dosha (adulterations) of Parada. In short, these coverings are a mixture of other metals in powdered form with Parad, which cause disorders in the body if Parad is consumed without getting rid of these layers; Seven Kanchuka Doshas are as follows<ref name=":4">Manoj, Amrit S, Sohit S. ''[https://www.wjpmr.com/download/article/95042022/1651491290.pdf A Critical Review of Parada Samskaras in Context of Ayurvedic and Modern Concept.]'' World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2022, 8(5), 139-142</ref>
@@ Line 267: / Line 268: @@
 # Sevana (application)
-== Mercury Poisoning ==
+=== Mercury Poisoning ===
 In the early 1950’s fishermen and their families around Minamata Bay in Japan were stricken with a mysterious neurological illness. The disease produced progressive weakness of the muscles, loss of vision due to visual cortex lesions, impairment of cerebral functions especially cerebellar ataxia, eventual paralysis and in some cases coma and death. It was soon observed that Minamata seabirds and household cats, which like the fisherfolk subsist mainly on fish, showed signs of the same disease. This led to the discovery of high concentrations of mercury compounds in fish and shell-fish taken from the bay, and the source of mercury was traced to the effluent from a factory.

@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 == पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada ==
-Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions that due to the exceptional medicinal qualities of Jeeva (Parada) people did not age (jaraa), die (marana) or become ill due to diseases. They gradually came to have the longevity enjoyed by Indra and other devatas. Jealous of this Indra prayed to Mahadeva Shiva to introduce Kanchuki and other doshas in mercury.<ref name=":6" /> According to Rasatarangini, Parada has impurities as follows<blockquote>नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7||
+Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions that due to the exceptional medicinal qualities of Jeeva (Parada) people did not age (jaraa), die (marana) or become ill due to diseases. They gradually came to have the longevity enjoyed by Indra and other devatas. Jealous of this Indra prayed to Mahadeva Shiva to introduce Kanchuki and other doshas in mercury.<ref name=":6" /> According to Rasatarangini, Parada has impurities as follows<blockquote>नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7|| <ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (nāga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (cāpalya), विष (viṣa ), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyāgni).  Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones.
-नागाद् व्रणं भवेत्कुष्ठं वङ्गात्तापोऽग्निदोषतः । मलाज्जड्यं तु चापल्याद् बोजनाशो विषान्मृतिः ।॥८॥ nāgād vraṇaṁ bhavētkuṣṭhaṁ vaṅgāttāpō’gnidōṣataḥ | malājjaḍyaṁ tu cāpalyād bōjanāśō viṣānmr̥tiḥ |||8||
+# Bhedi (tearing)
-गिरेः स्फोटोऽथ मोहश्च ह्यसह्याग्नेः प्रजायते । एतैर्दोषैर्विहीनञ्च रसेन्द्रमिह योजयेत् ॥ ९॥ girēḥ sphōṭō’tha mōhaśca hyasahyāgnēḥ prajāyatē | ētairdōṣairvihīnañca rasēndramiha yōjayēt || 9|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.7-9)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (naga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (chapala), विष (visha), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyagni).  Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones.
+=== Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury ===
-=== Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury ===
+'''Bodhana /Rodhana'''- Bodhana /Rodhana Sanskara or process awakens Parad after its earlier treatments which give Parad its powers to move in different directions. To accomplish this, Parad obtained from the preceding Patana sanskara is tied in a poultice with bark obtained from the Bhurjapatra tree. The poultice is then steamed in salt-water (mixed with saline water). It removes impotency of Parad which occurs due to its previous sanskaras of Mardana (rubbing).
-=== Shodhana Process ===
+# Grasa (swallowing)
 == Mercury Poisoning ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Mercury Element.png|thumb|383x383px|Courtesy: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element</nowiki>.]]
-Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin ''hydrargyrum'', “liquid silver.”<ref>Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element</nowiki>.</ref> It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.
+Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin ''hydrargyrum'', “liquid silver.”<ref name=":3">Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element</nowiki>.</ref> It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.
 According to Ayurveda [[Rasashastra (रसशास्त्रम्)|Rasashastra]], ''Rasa (रस)'' is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.<ref name=":2">Sekhar Reddy, P. ''A textbook of Rasashastra''. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia (pp.72-)</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 Parada has been mentioned in Atharvaveda
-== Types of Parada ==
+== Five Types of Parada ==
 In Rasaratna samucchaya,<ref name=":6" /> we find the following synonymous terms Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka described as the five kinds of Parada.<blockquote>रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । इति पञ्चविधो जातः क्षेत्रभेदेन शम्भुजः॥  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)<ref name=":6" /> rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | iti pañcavidhō jātaḥ kṣētrabhēdēna śambhujaḥ|| </blockquote>Their qualities are also well described in the above text  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.69-75)<ref name=":6" />
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 == स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics ==
 == Pharmacological Actions ==

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ātaṅkapaṅkamagnānāṁ pāradānācca pāradaḥ| abhrādirasarājatvādrasarājaḥ smr̥tō budhaiḥ ||4|| </blockquote>That which uplifts beings enmeshed in the dirt called roga/illness it is called Pārada. As a king (superior by qualities) among Ambhraka etc great aushadhis it is called Rasaraja.<ref name=":1" />
-== इतिहासः ॥ History ==
+== ऊत्पत्ति इतिहासश्च  ॥ Origin and History  ==
 Parada has been referred to as having divine origin, associated with the deity Shiva or Hara in ancient literature (Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 1.61-68).<ref name=":6">Shankarlal Harishankar, (2019) ed. ''[https://archive.org/details/rasa-ratna-samucchaya-of-vagbhatacharya-shankar-lal-hari-shankar/page/n79/mode/2up Rasaratna Sammuchhaya by Acharya Vagbhata]'' Bombay: Khemraj Srikrishnadas Prakashan</ref> On the mountains of Himalayas, Shiva and his consort Parvati, engaged in intense sensual activities with a desire to win over the other. Devatas desired that Shiva and Parvati produce a son who could kill Tarakasura, but those activities caused a great disturbance upsetting the three worlds. However, seeing the brilliance of the raja and virya (of Parvati and Shiva) that was very powerful, sent Agni to cause a disturbance in the divine sensual activity. Agni went into the caves in the form of a pigeon and seeing him Shiva with great shyness realized that it was not a bird but was Agni and stopped the activity. By then the semen ejaculated which Shiva flung upon Agni. Unable to bear the tejas of the virya, Agni entered the waters of the Ganga. Soon Ganga was unable to bear the divine tejas which heated up the waters, so she washed ashore both Agni and the virya of Shiva. Due to the blemishes of the virya, metals of various kinds materialized on the banks of Ganga. At five places, where the virya dropped from Agni's mouth, there sprung five deep wells each having one of the five kinds of Parada. <blockquote>रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा ।  rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>They are Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka.
 == Types of Parada ==
-In Rasaratna samucchaya,<ref name=":6" /> we find the following synonymous terms described as the five kinds of Parada.<blockquote>रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । इति पञ्चविधो जातः क्षेत्रभेदेन शम्भुजः॥  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)<ref name=":6" />
+In Rasaratna samucchaya,<ref name=":6" /> we find the following synonymous terms Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka described as the five kinds of Parada.<blockquote>रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । इति पञ्चविधो जातः क्षेत्रभेदेन शम्भुजः॥  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)<ref name=":6" /> rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | iti pañcavidhō jātaḥ kṣētrabhēdēna śambhujaḥ|| </blockquote>Their qualities are also well described in the above text  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.69-75)<ref name=":6" />
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Five types of Mercury are mentioned along with their qualities <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
@@ Line 61: / Line 63: @@
 |Contains impurities, needs 18 samskaras
 |}
 == स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics ==
 == Pharmacological Actions ==
 == References ==